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## 2. Thai Input and Output

## 2.1 Linux console

Thai characters do not display properly in Linux console. If you mainly use X window, you may pass this section.

### Thai fonts

You can obtain Linux Thai console fonts which created by Mr. Phaisarn Techajaruwong from ZzzThai ftp site

For example, there is a font name "phaisarn.psf". Put it in `/usr/lib/kbd/consolefonts/` directory. Then, you can load the new font from Linux console by command

> `

>     %setfont phaisarn.psf

> `

### Keyboard layout

You can set keyboard behavior as you like by using `loadkeys` command. Usually, you use `loadkeys` to load the file located in `/usr/lib/kbd/keytables`. You can create a US/Thai keyboard-map file and save it in this directory. Here is a sample.

> `

>     keycode   0 =
>     keycode   1 = Escape           Escape
>             alt     keycode   1 = Meta_Escape
>     keycode   2 = +one              exclam          +0x0e5          plus
>             alt     keycode   2 = Meta_one
>             alt shift keycode 2 = Meta_exclam
>     keycode   3 = +two              at              +slash          0x0f1
>             control keycode   3 = nul
>             control shift keycode 3 = nul
>             alt     keycode   3 = Meta_two
>             alt shift keycode 3 = Meta_at
>     keycode   4 = +three            numbersign      +underscore     0x0f2
>             control keycode   4 = Escape
>             alt     keycode   4 = Meta_three
>             alt shift keycode 4 = Meta_numbersign
>     keycode   5 = +four             dollar          +0x0c0          0x0f3
>             control keycode   5 = Control_backslash
>             alt     keycode   5 = Meta_four
>             alt shift keycode 5 = Meta_dollar
>     keycode   6 = +five             percent         +0x0b6          0x0f4
>             control keycode   6 = Control_bracketright
>             alt     keycode   6 = Meta_five
>             alt shift keycode 6 = Meta_percent
>     keycode   7 = +six              asciicircum     +0x0d8          0x0d9
>             control keycode   7 = Control_asciicircum
>             alt     keycode   7 = Meta_six
>             alt shift keycode 7 = Meta_asciicircum
>     keycode   8 = +seven            ampersand       +0x0d6          0x0df
>             control keycode   8 = Control_underscore
>             alt     keycode   8 = Meta_seven
>     keycode   9 = +eight            asterisk        +0x0a4          0x0f5
>             control keycode   9 = Delete
>             alt     keycode   9 = Meta_eight
>     keycode  10 = +nine             parenleft       +0x0b5          0x0d6
>             alt     keycode  10 = Meta_nine
>     keycode  11 = +zero             parenright      +0x0a8          0x0f7
>             alt     keycode  11 = Meta_zero
>     keycode  12 = +minus            underscore      +0x0a2          0x0f8
>             control keycode  12 = Control_underscore
>             control shift keycode 12 = Control_underscore
>             alt     keycode  12 = Meta_minus
>     keycode  13 = +equal            plus            +0x0aa          0x0f9
>             alt     keycode  13 = Meta_equal
>     keycode  14 = Delete           Delete           Delete          Delete
>             alt     keycode  14 = Meta_Delete
>     keycode  15 = Tab              Tab              Tab             Tab
>             alt     keycode  15 = Meta_Tab
>     keycode  16 = +q        Q       +0x0e6          0x0f0
>     keycode  17 = +w        W       +0x0e4          quotedbl
>     keycode  18 = +e        E       +0x0d3          0x0ae
>     keycode  19 = +r        R       +0x0be          0x0b1
>     keycode  20 = +t        T       +0x0d0          0x0b8
>     keycode  21 = +y        Y       +0x0d1          0x0ed
>     keycode  22 = +u        U       +0x0d5          0x0ea
>     keycode  23 = +i        I       +0x0c3          0x0b3
>     keycode  24 = +o        O       +0x0b9          0x0cf
>     keycode  25 = +p        P       +0x0c2          0x0ad
>     keycode  26 = +bracketleft      braceleft       +0x0ba          0x0b0
>             control keycode  26 = Escape
>             alt     keycode  26 = Meta_bracketleft
>             alt shift keycode 26 = Meta_braceleft
>     keycode  27 = +bracketright     braceright      +0x0c5          comma
>             control keycode  27 = Control_bracketright
>             alt     keycode  27 = Meta_bracketright
>             alt shift keycode 27 = Meta_braceright
>     keycode  28 = Return            Return          Return          Return
>             alt     keycode  28 = 0x080d
>     keycode  29 = Control           Control         Control         Control
>     keycode  30 = +a        A       +0x0bf          0x0c4
>     keycode  31 = +s        S       +0x0cb          0x0a6
>     keycode  32 = +d        D       +0x0a1          0x0af
>     keycode  33 = +f        F       +0x0b4          0x0e2
>     keycode  34 = +g        G       +0x0e0          0x0ac
>     keycode  35 = +h        H       +0x0e9          0x0e7
>     keycode  36 = +j        J       +0x0e8          0x0eb
>     keycode  37 = +k        K       +0x0d2          0x0c9
>     keycode  38 = +l        L       +0x0ca          0x0c8
>     keycode  39 = +semicolon        colon           +0x0c7          0x0ab
>             alt     keycode  39 = Meta_semicolon
>     keycode  40 = +apostrophe       quotedbl        +0x0a7          period
>             control keycode  40 = Control_g
>             alt     keycode  40 = Meta_apostrophe
>     keycode  41 = +grave            asciitilde      +minus          percent
>             control keycode  41 = nul
>             alt     keycode  41 = Meta_grave
>     keycode  42 = Shift            Shift            Shift           Shift
>     keycode  43 = +backslash        bar             +0x0a3          0x0a5
>             control keycode  43 = Control_backslash
>             alt     keycode  43 = Meta_backslash
>             alt shift keycode 43 = Meta_bar
>     keycode  44 = +z        Z       +0x0bc          parenleft
>     keycode  45 = +x        X       +0x0bb          parenright
>     keycode  46 = +c        C       +0x0e1          0x0a9
>     keycode  47 = +v        V       +0x0cd          0x0ce
>     keycode  48 = +b        B       +0x0d4          0x0da
>     keycode  49 = +n        N       +0x0d7          0x0ec
>     keycode  50 = +m        M       +0x0b7          question
>     keycode  51 = +comma    less    +0x0c1          0x0b2
>             alt     keycode  51 = Meta_comma
>             alt shift keycode 51 = Meta_less
>     keycode  52 = +period           greater         +0x0e3          0x0cc
>             alt     keycode  52 = Meta_period
>             alt shift keycode 52 = Meta_greater
>     keycode  53 = +slash            question        +0x0bd          0x0c6
>             control keycode  53 = Delete
>             alt     keycode  53 = Meta_slash
>     keycode  54 = Shift            Shift            Shift           Shift
>     keycode  55 = KP_Multiply
>     keycode  56 = Alt              Alt              Alt             Alt
>     keycode  57 = space            space            space           space
>             control keycode  57 = nul
>             alt     keycode  57 = Meta_space
>     keycode  58 = Caps_Lock        Caps_Lock        Caps_Lock       Caps_Lock
>     keycode  59 = F1               F11              Console_13
>             control keycode  59 = F1
>             alt     keycode  59 = Console_1
>             control alt     keycode  59 = Console_1
>     keycode  60 = F2               F12              Console_14
>             control keycode  60 = F2
>             alt     keycode  60 = Console_2
>             control alt     keycode  60 = Console_2
>     keycode  61 = F3               F13              Console_15
>             control keycode  61 = F3
>             alt     keycode  61 = Console_3
>             control alt     keycode  61 = Console_3
>     keycode  62 = F4               F14              Console_16
>             control keycode  62 = F4
>             alt     keycode  62 = Console_4
>             control alt     keycode  62 = Console_4
>     keycode  63 = F5               F15              Console_17
>             control keycode  63 = F5
>             alt     keycode  63 = Console_5
>             control alt     keycode  63 = Console_5
>     keycode  64 = F6               F16              Console_18
>             control keycode  64 = F6
>             alt     keycode  64 = Console_6
>             control alt     keycode  64 = Console_6
>     keycode  65 = F7               F17              Console_19
>             control keycode  65 = F7
>             alt     keycode  65 = Console_7
>             control alt     keycode  65 = Console_7
>     keycode  66 = F8               F18              Console_20
>             control keycode  66 = F8
>             alt     keycode  66 = Console_8
>             control alt     keycode  66 = Console_8
>     keycode  67 = F9               F19              Console_21
>             control keycode  67 = F9
>             alt     keycode  67 = Console_9
>             control alt     keycode  67 = Console_9
>     keycode  68 = F10              F20              Console_22
>             control keycode  68 = F10
>             alt     keycode  68 = Console_10
>             control alt     keycode  68 = Console_10
>     keycode  69 = Num_Lock
>     keycode  70 = Scroll_Lock      Show_Memory      Show_Registers
>             control keycode  70 = Show_State
>             alt     keycode  70 = Scroll_Lock
>     keycode  71 = KP_7
>             alt     keycode  71 = Ascii_7
>     keycode  72 = KP_8
>             alt     keycode  72 = Ascii_8
>     keycode  73 = KP_9
>             alt     keycode  73 = Ascii_9
>     keycode  74 = KP_Subtract
>     keycode  75 = KP_4
>             alt     keycode  75 = Ascii_4
>     keycode  76 = KP_5
>             alt     keycode  76 = Ascii_5
>     keycode  77 = KP_6
>             alt     keycode  77 = Ascii_6
>     keycode  78 = KP_Add
>     keycode  79 = KP_1
>             alt     keycode  79 = Ascii_1
>     keycode  80 = KP_2
>             alt     keycode  80 = Ascii_2
>     keycode  81 = KP_3
>             alt     keycode  81 = Ascii_3
>     keycode  82 = KP_0
>             alt     keycode  82 = Ascii_0
>     keycode  83 = KP_Period
>             altgr   control keycode  83 = Boot
>             control alt     keycode  83 = Boot
>     keycode  84 = Last_Console
>     keycode  85 =
>     keycode  86 = less             greater          bar
>             alt     keycode  86 = Meta_less
>     keycode  87 = F11              F11              Console_23
>             control keycode  87 = F11
>             alt     keycode  87 = Console_11
>             control alt     keycode  87 = Console_11
>     keycode  88 = F12              F12              Console_24
>             control keycode  88 = F12
>             alt     keycode  88 = Console_12
>             control alt     keycode  88 = Console_12
>     keycode  89 =
>     keycode  90 =
>     keycode  91 =
>     keycode  92 =
>     keycode  93 =
>     keycode  94 =
>     keycode  95 =
>     keycode  96 = KP_Enter
>     keycode  97 = Control
>     keycode  98 = KP_Divide
>     keycode  99 = Control_backslash
>             control keycode  99 = Control_backslash
>             alt     keycode  99 = Control_backslash
>     keycode 100 = AltGr_Lock
>     keycode 101 = Break
>     keycode 102 = Find
>     keycode 103 = Up
>     keycode 104 = Prior
>             shift   keycode 104 = Scroll_Backward
>     keycode 105 = Left
>             alt     keycode 105 = Decr_Console
>     keycode 106 = Right
>             alt     keycode 106 = Incr_Console
>     keycode 107 = Select
>     keycode 108 = Down
>     keycode 109 = Next
>             shift   keycode 109 = Scroll_Forward
>     keycode 110 = Insert
>     keycode 111 = Remove
>             altgr   control keycode 111 = Boot
>             control alt     keycode 111 = Boot
>     keycode 112 =
>     keycode 113 =
>     keycode 114 =
>     keycode 115 =
>     keycode 116 =
>     keycode 117 =
>     keycode 118 =
>     keycode 119 =
>     keycode 120 =
>     keycode 121 =
>     keycode 122 =
>     keycode 123 =
>     keycode 124 =
>     keycode 125 =
>     keycode 126 =
>     keycode 127 =
>     string F1 = "\033[[A"
>     string F2 = "\033[[B"
>     string F3 = "\033[[C"
>     string F4 = "\033[[D"
>     string F5 = "\033[[E"
>     string F6 = "\033[17~"
>     string F7 = "\033[18~"
>     string F8 = "\033[19~"
>     string F9 = "\033[20~"
>     string F10 = "\033[21~"
>     string F11 = "\033[23~"
>     string F12 = "\033[24~"
>     string F13 = "\033[25~"
>     string F14 = "\033[26~"
>     string F15 = "\033[28~"
>     string F16 = "\033[29~"
>     string F17 = "\033[31~"
>     string F18 = "\033[32~"
>     string F19 = "\033[33~"
>     string F20 = "\033[34~"
>     string Find = "\033[1~"
>     string Insert = "\033[2~"
>     string Remove = "\033[3~"
>     string Select = "\033[4~"
>     string Prior = "\033[5~"
>     string Next = "\033[6~"
>     string F21 = ""
>     string F22 = ""
>     string F23 = ""
>     string F24 = ""
>     string F25 = ""
>     string F26 = ""

> `

Suppose you save this file as `thai.map`. From Linux console, use command `loadkeys` to load `thai.map`.

> `

>     %loadkeys thai.map

> `

You can switch to Thai keyboard by pressing the right Alt key. If you want to switch the keyboard back, press the right Alt key again.

## 2.2 X Window system

### Thai fonts

You can obtain Thai fonts in bdf format or pcf format from internet. You can also use scalable fonts such as Type1 or TrueType fonts. But I will not describe about these.

### Installing Thai fonts

You must log in as root. Let's put Thai fonts in `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/`, this is a default font path. Change directory to `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/` and run command

> `

>     %mkfontdir
>     %xset fp rehash

> `

If you put Thai fonts in different directory, you must use `xset` to add the new font path. Please see man-page for further information. You can check the new fonts by running command `xlsfonts` and see whether there are Thai fonts or not. If you can not see any Thai fonts from this command, you may need to restart X window.

### Thai keyboard layoutThere are two ways to map Thai keyboard on X window, using X KeyboardExtension (XKB) and using `xmodmap`. Please select how you map Thai keyboard. Irecommend using XKB.

### XKB and Thai keyboard layout.

Beginning with XFree86 3.1.2D, you can use the new X11R6.1 XKEYBOARD extension to manage the keyboard layout. This is very helpful.

During X server configuration with `xf86config` you will be asked about XKB, if you want to to set Thai keyboard layout for your system, say yes. There are a list of pre-configured keymaps. Choose Standard 101-key, Thai encoding.

`XF86Setup` is the graphical X server configuration utility for XFree86 X server. It is easier than traditional `xf86config`. You can select a keyboard layout easily with this tool.

Ther are many choices of keyboard switch key to select. The default is LeftAlt+RightShift switch to Thai and LeftAlt+LeftShift switch to US. You can type Thai characters in any applications which support ISO-8859-1 character set, but don't forget to use Thai fonts with those applications too.

I found that pre-configured keymaps that came with XFree86-3.2 is not correct. You may not be able to type THO THUNG which located at " 5 key " . To fix this problem, you should add the line

> `

>         key <AE05> {     [], [   paragraph,      ocircumflex     ]       };

> `

in the file `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/th` as the example.

> `

>     .................
>         key <AE03> {        [], [       minus,      ograve          ]       };
>         key <AE04> {        [], [      Agrave,      oacute          ]       };
>         key <AE05> {     [], [   paragraph,      ocircumflex     ]       };
>         key <AE06> {        [], [    Ooblique,      Ugrave          ]       };
>         key <AE07> {        [], [  Odiaeresis,      ssharp          ]       };
>     .................

> `

You can not type SORUSI also. Please change the line from

> `

>         key <AC08> {        [], [      Ograve,      eacute          ]       };

> `

to

> `

>         key <AC08> {        [], [      Ograve,      Eacute          ]       };

> `

Note that eacute is equal to MAITHO and Eacute is equal to SORUSI.

There are also XKB extension utilities such as `setxkbmap`, `xkbcomp`, etc. Please see man-page for more information. I recommend to use `xkbvled`. The leds will be on when you are using Thai keyboard so you can know your keyboard's status.

The following is part of `XF86Config` file about keyboard section. If you want to configure the keyboard by hand, change the content of `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config` as an example below. This configuration uses the default toggle key.

> `

>     Section "Keyboard"
>        Protocol        "Standard"
>        AutoRepeat      500 5
>        LeftAlt         Meta
>        RightAlt        Meta
>        ScrollLock      Compose
>        RightCtl        Control
>     #  XkbDisable
>        XkbKeycodes     "xfree86"
>        XkbTypes        "default"
>        XkbCompat       "default"
>        XkbSymbols      "us(pc101)"
>        XkbGeometry     "pc"
>        XkbRules        "xfree86"
>        XkbModel        "pc101"
>        XkbLayout       "th"
>     EndSection

> `

If you use XKB extension, Thai keyboard mapping with `xmodmap` may not work. See `XF86Config` man-page for mor information.

### Thai keyboard layout with xmodmap

You can use the utility `xmodmap` to map Thai keyboard. Normally `xmodmap` is used to load a keyboard configured file. For most Linux distributions, when you start X window with `startx`, X server will find `.Xmodmap` in `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/` first. If `.Xmodmap` does not exist, X server will find `.Xmodmap` in your home directory. Please see the content of `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc`.

The following is the sample of `.Xmodmap` for Thai Kedmanee keyboard layout.

> `

>     !
>     ! Linux/XFree86 Thai Kedmanee layout (based on US keyboard)
>     ! Use ScrollLock to switch to Thai keyboard.
>     ! This file will work with XFree86 only.
>     !

>     keycode 0x09 =  Escape
>     keycode 0x43 =  F1
>     keycode 0x44 =  F2
>     keycode 0x45 =  F3
>     keycode 0x46 =  F4
>     keycode 0x47 =  F5
>     keycode 0x48 =  F6
>     keycode 0x49 =  F7
>     keycode 0x4A =  F8
>     keycode 0x4B =  F9
>     keycode 0x4C =  F10
>     keycode 0x5F =  F11
>     keycode 0x60 =  F12
>     keycode 0x6F =  Print
>     keycode 0x4E =  Mode_switch     XF86ModeLock
>     keycode 0x6E =  Pause
>     keycode 0x31 =  grave           asciitilde      minus           percent
>     keycode 0x0A =  1               exclam          0x0e5           plus
>     keycode 0x0B =  2               at              slash           0x0f1
>     keycode 0x0C =  3               numbersign      underscore      0x0f2
>     keycode 0x0D =  4               dollar          0x0c0           0x0f3
>     keycode 0x0E =  5               percent         0x0b6           0x0f4
>     keycode 0x0F =  6               asciicircum     0x0d8           0x0d9
>     keycode 0x10 =  7               ampersand       0x0d6           0x0df
>     keycode 0x11 =  8               asterisk        0x0a4           0x0f5
>     keycode 0x12 =  9               parenleft       0x0b5           0x0f6
>     keycode 0x13 =  0               parenright      0x0a8           0x0f7
>     keycode 0x14 =  minus           underscore      0x0a2           0x0f8
>     keycode 0x15 =  equal           plus            0x0aa           0x0f9
>     keycode 0x33 =  backslash       bar             0x0a3           0x0a5
>     keycode 0x16 =  BackSpace
>     keycode 0x6A =  Insert
>     keycode 0x61 =  Home
>     keycode 0x63 =  Prior
>     keycode 0x4D =  Num_Lock
>     keycode 0x70 =  KP_Divide
>     keycode 0x3F =  KP_Multiply
>     keycode 0x52 =  KP_Subtract
>     keycode 0x17 =  Tab
>     keycode 0x18 =  q               Q               0x0e6           0x0f0
>     keycode 0x19 =  w               W               0x0e4           quotedbl
>     keycode 0x1A =  e               E               0x0d3           0x0ae
>     keycode 0x1B =  r               R               0x0be           0x0b1
>     keycode 0x1C =  t               T               0x0d0           0x0b8
>     keycode 0x1D =  y               Y               0x0d1           0x0ed
>     keycode 0x1E =  u               U               0x0d5           0x0ea
>     keycode 0x1F =  i               I               0x0c3           0x0b3
>     keycode 0x20 =  o               O               0x0b9           0x0cf
>     keycode 0x21 =  p               P               0x0c2           0x0ad
>     keycode 0x22 =  bracketleft     braceleft       0x0ba           0x0b0
>     keycode 0x23 =  bracketright    braceright      0x0c5           comma
>     keycode 0x24 =  Return
>     keycode 0x6B =  Delete
>     keycode 0x67 =  End
>     keycode 0x69 =  Next
>     keycode 0x4F =  KP_7
>     keycode 0x50 =  KP_8
>     keycode 0x51 =  KP_9
>     keycode 0x56 =  KP_Add
>     keycode 0x42 =  Caps_Lock
>     keycode 0x26 =  a               A               0x0bf           0x0c4
>     keycode 0x27 =  s               S               0x0cb           0c0a6
>     keycode 0x28 =  d               D               0x0a1           0x0af
>     keycode 0x29 =  f               F               0x0b4           0x0e2
>     keycode 0x2A =  g               G               0x0e0           0x0ac
>     keycode 0x2B =  h               H               0x0e9           0x0e7
>     keycode 0x2C =  j               J               0x0e8           0x0eb
>     keycode 0x2D =  k               K               0x0d2           0x0c9
>     keycode 0x2E =  l               L               0x0ca           0x0c8
>     keycode 0x2F =  semicolon       colon           0x0c7           0x0ab
>     keycode 0x30 =  apostrophe      quotedbl        0x0a7           period
>     keycode 0x53 =  KP_4
>     keycode 0x54 =  KP_5
>     keycode 0x55 =  KP_6
>     keycode 0x32 =  Shift_L
>     keycode 0x34 =  z               Z               0x0bc           parenleft
>     keycode 0x35 =  x               X               0x0bb           parenright
>     keycode 0x36 =  c               C               0x0e1           0x0a9
>     keycode 0x37 =  v               V               0x0cd           0x0ce
>     keycode 0x38 =  b               B               0x0d4           0x0da
>     keycode 0x39 =  n               N               0x0d7           0x0ec
>     keycode 0x3A =  m               M               0x0b7           question
>     keycode 0x3B =  comma           less            0x0c1           0x0b2
>     keycode 0x3C =  period          greater         0x0e3           0x0cc
>     keycode 0x3D =  slash           question        0x0bd           0x0c6
>     keycode 0x3E =  Shift_R
>     keycode 0x62 =  Up
>     keycode 0x57 =  KP_1
>     keycode 0x58 =  KP_2
>     keycode 0x59 =  KP_3
>     keycode 0x6C =  KP_Enter
>     keycode 0x25 =  Control_L
>     keycode 0x40 =  Alt_L           Meta_L
>     keycode 0x41 =  space
>     keycode 0x71 =  Alt_R           Meta_R
>     keycode 0x6D =  Control_R
>     keycode 0x64 =  Left
>     keycode 0x68 =  Down
>     keycode 0x66 =  Right
>     keycode 0x5A =  KP_0
>     keycode 0x5B =  KP_Decimal

>     clear Shift
>     clear Lock
>     clear Control
>     clear Mod1
>     clear Mod2
>     clear Mod3
>     clear Mod4
>     clear Mod5

>     add    Shift   = Shift_L Shift_R
>     add    Lock    = Caps_Lock
>     add    Control = Control_L Control_R
>     add    Mod1    = Alt_L Alt_R
>     add    Mod2    = Mode_switch

> `

Just put `.Xmodmap` in your home directory will be OK. When you start X window, X server will load this file.

You can also load `.Xmodmap` from command line.

> `

>     %xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap

> `

In above `.Xmodmap` file, US/Thai switch key is assigned to keycode 0x4E (78), Scroll Lock key, with the statement

> `

>     keycode 0x4E =  Mode_switch     XF86ModeLock

> `

`XF86ModeLock` is the special keysym for XFree86 X server. If you don't add this keysym, you have to hold the scroll lock key while you are typing Thai characters. Note that if you use commercial X server, some keycodes are different. You may have to map keyboard by yourself. See man-pages of `X` and `xev` for further information.

Note: If you are using XFree86 version 3.1.2D or later, you need to add the line `XkbDisable` in keyboard section of `XF86Config` file. You may config the keyboard section like the following sample.

> `

>     Section "Keyboard"
>        Protocol        "Standard"
>        AutoRepeat      500 5
>        LeftAlt         Meta
>        RightAlt        ModeShift
>        ScrollLock      ModeLock
>        RightCtl        Compose
>        XkbDisable
>     EndSection

> `

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