SSL Certificates HOWTO
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# 2.5. Certificate management

## 2.5.1. Generate and Sign a certificate request

    CA.pl -newreq
    (openssl req -config /etc/openssl.cnf -new -keyout newreq.pem -out newreq.pem \
    -days 365)

creates a new private key and a certificate request and place it as newreq.pem. Enter a Common Name (CN) the main usage of the certificate for instance www.sopac.org if you want to secure the website www.sopac.org, or enter franck@sopac.org if you want to use to secure the e-mails of franck@sopac.org.

    CA.pl -sign
    (openssl ca -config /etc/openssl.cnf -policy policy_anything -out newcert.pem \
    -infiles newreq.pem)

will sign the request using the cacert.pem and commit the certificate as newcert.pem. You will need to enter the passphrase of the cacert.pem (your CA Certificate). The file newcerts/xx.pem will be created and index.txt and serial will be updated.

You private key is in newreq.pem -PRIVATE KEY- and your certificate is in newcert.pem -CERTIFICATE-

A copy of newcert.pem is placed in newcerts/ with an adequate entry in index.txt so that a client can request this information via a web server to ensure the authenticity of the certificate.

Beware of your newreq.pem file, because it contains a certificate request, but also your private key. The -PRIVATE KEY- section is not required when you sign it. So if you request someone else to sign your certificate request, ensure that you have removed the -PRIVATE KEY- section from the file. If you sign someone else certificate request, request from this person its -CERTIFICATE REQUEST- section not its private key.

## 2.5.2. Revoke a certificate

To revoke a certificate simply issue the command:

    openssl -revoke newcert.pem

The database is updated and the certificate is marked as revoked. You now need to generate the new revoked list of certificates:

    openssl ca -gencrl -config /etc/openssl.cnf -out crl/sopac-ca.crl

This Certificate Revokation List (CRL) file should be made available on your web site.

You may want to add the parameters crldays or crlhours and crlexts when you revoke a certificate. The first two parameters indicate when the next CRL will be updated and the last one will use the crl_exts section in openssl.cnf to produce a CRL v2 instead of a CRL v1.

    openssl ca -gencrl -config /etc/openssl.cnf -crldays 7 -crlexts crl_ext \
    -out crl/sopac-ca.crl

## 2.5.3. Renew a certificate

The user sends you its old certificate request or create a new one based on its private key.

First you have to revoke the previous certificate and sign again the certificate request.

To find the old certificate, look in the index.txt file for the Distinguished Name (DN) corresponding to the request. Get the serial Number <xx>, and use the file cert/<xx>.pem as certificate for the revocation procedure.

You may want to sign the request manually because you have to ensure that the start date and end date of validity of the new certificate are correct.

    openssl ca -config /etc/openssl.cnf -policy policy_anything -out newcert.pem \
    -infiles newreq.pem -startdate [now] -enddate [previous enddate+365days]

replace [now] and [previous enddate+365days] by the correct values.

## 2.5.4. Display a certificate

You may have a certificate in its coded form, to read the details of the certificate just issue the following command:

    openssl x509 -in newcert.pem -noout -text

## 2.5.5. The index.txt file

In the index.txt file you can find the various certificate managed by OpenSSL. The entries are maked with R for Revoked, V for Valid and E for expired.

## 2.5.6. Build your web based Certificate Authority

There are a few requirements when you are a Certificate Authority (CA):

1. You must publish your root CA Certificate, so that it can be widely installed in applications.

2. You must publish the revocation list.

3. You must display a certificate detail, provided its serial number

4. You must provide a form for users to submit certificate requests.

All these requirements can be done using a web server and some scripting.

FIXME: some code here for the web interface...

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