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## 5. National Language Support

To National Language Support (suvtomografia NLS) eivai mia duvatotnta pou exouv ta pio polla UNIX, wste va evnmerwvovtai oi efarmoges gia tis glwssikes ru8miseis tou xrnstn kai va parousiazouv ta muvnmata tous stnv avtistoixn glwssa.

To NLS xrnsimopoieitai apo polla GNU tools, eidika auta pou trexouv se periballov grammns evtolwv (Command Line Interface - CLI, dnladn to gvwsto prompt), kai upostnrizetai prosfata kai sto grafiko periballov (px KDE). H evnmerwsn twv efarmogwv givetai mesa apo metablntes periballovtos, me evtoles tou tupou LANG="el_GR". Apo Noembrn 1998 ta ellnvika 8a ru8mizovtai ws el_GR (me basn ta avtistoixa ISO protupa), kai elpizoume oti n allagn autn 8a perasei suvtoma stis diavomes.

Ergasia gurw apo to NLS exei kavei kai o Simos 3evitellns, deite to Greek-nls-HOWTO kai auto to ar8ro sto periodiko magaz: http://magaz.hellug.gr/09/04_nls.html.

PROSOXH: To parov kefalaio eixe graftei apo tov Taso Kapio, se mia epoxn pou to NLS dev upnrxe pavta stnmevo sto linux, kai to protupo ntav arketa asta8es (px, mporei va breite va leei gia gr_GR, avti el_GR).

## 5.1 Proetoimasia

PRWTA blepe poses kai poies eivai oi biblio8nkes tns C pou uparxouv sto sustnma sou. p.x.

     ttyp3:~#ldconfig -v | grep libc.so
     libc.so.4 => libc.so.4.7.2
     libc.so.6 => libc-2.0.4.so
     libc.so.5 => libc.so.5.4.33

Uparxouv 5 katngories libc kai dev eivai sumbates meta3u tous, osov afora ta locale pavta. (Autn tnv stigmn oi pio polloi exouv tis ekdoseis 4 kai 5)

1. libc 4 ??? (a.out)
2. libc 5.0.9-5.3.12
3. libc 5.4.x
4. glibc 1.x ??? (sav libc 5 gia merikes arxitektovikes Linux)
5. glibc 2.x.x (libc 6)

## 5.2 Egkatastasn Ellnvikwv Locale

Xreiazeste tis topikes ru8miseis (localedata), tov compiler localedef kai to diagvwstiko ergaleio locale.

- Uparxouv treis ekdoseis twv topikwv ru8misewv (Diaferouv elaxista)
  1. H pio palia apoteleitai apo ta

                  ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/gr_GR              (2679 bytes)
                  ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/charmaps/ISO_8859-7:1987   (19768 bytes)
                  ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/en_DK              (101080 bytes)

  2. H alln, pio prosfatn ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ ... /sources/admin/wg15-locale_2.orig.tar.gz (n se diafora CDROM me to debian) kai periexei ta

                   locales/gr_GR
                   locales/en_DK
                   charmaps/ISO_8859-7,1987

     (Prepei va douleuei movo gia libc 5.4.x)
  3. H pio kaivourgia ekdosn brisketai eite sto paketo pngaiou kwdika tns glibc 2.0.5 eite sav 3exwristo paketo sav glibc-localedata-2.0.5 Uparxei sto debian (ftp.debian.org),sto redhat (ftp.redhat.com) kai se mirrors tns gnu kai periexei ta gr_GR,en_DK,ISO-8859-7
- Ta localedef kai locale uparxouv sta paketa me tov pngaio kwdika twv libc 5 kai glibc 2. Episns kukloforouv se binary morfn apo to debian kai redhat kai sav tar.gz apo tnv gnu kai n ekdosn tous prepei va eivai idia me tnv libc pou exete (locale-5.x.y gia tnv libc 5.x.y kai to glibc-localedata-2.x.y gia tnv glibc-2.x.y)

Prwta pngaivete stov upokatalogo opou briskete gr_GR kai trexete tnv evtoln

       >sed -e 's/am_pm "";""/am_pm   "<P*><M*>";"<M*><M*>"/' gr_GR > el_GR

(Gia duvatotnta ellnvikou PM kai MM kai n allagn ovomatos gia sumbatotnta me ta X) Kai gia elegxo

              > tail -n 5 el_GR | grep am_pm
              am_pm  "<P*><M*>";"<M*><M*>"
              t_fmt_ampm ""
              END LC_TIME

Twra sav root dnmiourgnste tous e3ns upokatalogous

       # mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/locale/el_GR/LC_MESSAGES
       # mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
       # mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/i18n/locales
       # ln -sf /usr/share/i18n/charmaps /usr/share/i18n/charmap

Egkatastnste sta swsta mern ta el_GR, en_DK, ISO-8859-7 (n ISO_8859-7:1987 n ISO_8859-7,1987)

    # cd (ekei pou eivai ta localedata)
    # cp e?_??  /usr/share/i18n/locales
    # cd ../charmaps
    # cp ISO[-_]8859-7* /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
    # cd /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
    # ln -s ISO_8859-7,1987 ISO-8859-7

Metaglwttiste, av dev ta exete ndn se binary morfn, ta locale kai localedef. Auto givetai peripou etsi:

     > cd ~/src
     > gzip -dc libc-x.y.z.tar.gz | tar xvf -
     > cd libc-x.y.z
     > ./configure
     > make clean; make depend
     > cd locale
     > make programs
     > su -f root -c 'install -m 755 locale localedef /usr/bin'

Kai twra eiste etoimoi gia tnv metaglwttisn twv topikwv ru8misewv. Sav root:

    # cd /usr/share

Se periptwsn pou exete mia libc

    # localedef -ci locale/el_GR -f i18n/charmap/ISO-8859-7 el_GR

Se periptwsn pou exete duo p.x. libc-5.4.33 kai libc-2.0.4

    # localedef-2.04   -ci el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el_GR
    # localedef-5.4.33 -ci el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el
    # chmod -cR a+r locale

Twra prepei va uparxouv auta katw apo to /usr/share/locale/el_GR (kai to el)

    # ls locale/el_GR
    LC_COLLATE    LC_CTYPE      LC_MESSAGES/  LC_MONETARY   LC_NUMERIC     LC_TIME

Mia dokimn. Gia kelufos tupou csh p.x. tcsh:

    > setenv LANG el_GR

Gia kelufos tupou sh p.x. bash, ksh:

    > LANG=el_GR ; export LANG

Dokimaste:

    > locale
    LANG=el_GR
    LC_CTYPE="el_GR"
    LC_NUMERIC="el_GR"
    LC_TIME="el_GR"
    LC_COLLATE="el_GR"
    LC_MONETARY="el_GR"
    LC_MESSAGES="el_GR"
    LC_ALL=
    > locale -c LC_TIME | head
    LC_TIME
    Kur;Deu;Tri;Tet;Pem;Par;Sab
    Kuriakn;Deutera;Tritn;Tetartn;Pemptn;Paraskeun;Sabbato
    Iav;Feb;Mar;Apr;Mai;Iouv;Ioul;Aug;Sep;Okt;Noe;Dek
    Iavouarios;Febrouarios;Martios;Aprilios;Maios;Iouvios;Ioulios;Augoustos;Septembrios;Oktwbrios;Noembrios;Dekembrios
    PM;MM
    %a %d %b %Y %T %Z
    %d/%m/%Y
    %T

(H diamorfwsn allazei apo libc se libc)

Twra mporeite va dokimaste merikes efarmoges (arkei va exouv givei compile me mia sumbatn libc)

    > unsetenv LESSCHARSET n unset LESSCHARSET
    > less kapoio-keimevo-me-ellnvika
    > cal
       Augoustos 1997
    Ku De Tr Te Pe Pa Sa
                    1  2
     3  4  5  6  7  8  9
    10 11 12 13 14 15 16
    17 18 19 20 21 22 23
    24 25 26 27 28 29 30
    31

Kai sto Netscape 4 (me libc 5.4.x x > 4 ) avoi3te to Mail & Discussions kai 8a deite sto Date tous mnves stnv mesn px 31/08/1997 kai tis nmeres sta ellnvika. Telos :-)

### Egkatastasn Ellnvikwv mnvumatwv diaforwv efarmogwv

Edw uparxouv duo ave3artnta paketa to gencat kai to gettext

a)To gencat erxetai mazi me tov pngaio kwdika tns ka8e libc (katw apo to nls/) n se binary p.x. gencat-x.y.z kai eivai e3artnmevo apo autnv opws kai to localedef. Metaglwttizei arxeia tupou International language text (.m) se katalogous.

b)To gettext, eivai ave3artnto apo tnv libc, kai uparxei suvn8ws se mirrors tns gnu p.x.ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/gnu/gettext-0.10.tar.gz kai sta debian,redhat. (Gia va breite mia prosfatn ekdosn pate sto http://las.ml.org ya3te gia gettext) To xrnsimopoiouv sxedov ola ta paketa tns GNU {file,sh,text,net}-utils kai polla alla paketa p.x. (WindowMaker). Gia plnrofories deite to ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/gnu/ABOUT-NLS, steilte mnvuma stnv ellnvikn omada sto el@li.org n gia va bon8nste mpeite stnv lista el-request@li.org me tnv le3n "subscribe" sto swma tou mnvumatos.

Autn tnv stigmn, apo o,ti gvwrizw, plnrws ellnvika mnvumata exei movo to tcsh 6.07.02 (me patches tou debian) kai xrnsimopoiei, dustuxws, to gencat.

## 5.3 Egkatastasn tou tcsh

Katebaste to tcsh >= 6.07.02. Breite to gencat (pngaios kwdikas libc,se binary apo redhat,debian) Protou metaglwttiste to tcsh. n

- Epe3ergasteite to config_f.h kai alla3te to #undef NLS_CATALOGS se #define NLS_CATALOGS Alla3te apo ola ta ellnvika arxeia nls/greek/* ta \",\',\v se ",',\n avtistoixa. Alla3te sto nls/Makefile to GENCAT=gencat se GENCAT=gencat -new -lang ANSIC n
- Katebaste to patch gia tnv ekdosn 6.07.02 apo to debian (ftp.debian.org/debian/hamm/hamm/source/shells/ )

Metaglwttiste, egkatastnste, dokimaste to tcsh

     >make
     >make catalogs
     >su -f root -c 'make install'
     >su -f root -c 'install -m 644 tcsh.greek.cat /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh'
     >/bin/tcsh
     >setenv LANG el_GR
     >unsetenv NOREBIND (gia va afnvei grafete sta ellnvika)
     >fkjg
     fkjg: H evtoln de bre8nke.

Av dev sas bgalei ellnviko mnvuma tote

- Eleg3te to /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh kai to /bin/tcsh

        >ls -l /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
        -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        47443 Iouv 12 21:27 /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
        >file /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
        /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh: data
        >ls -l /bin/tcsh
        -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       270476 Sab Aug 10:23 /bin/tcsh
        >date
        Sab Aug   9 10:38 EET DST 1997

- Bebaiw8eite oti to gencat erxetai apo mia sumbatn libc

       > gencat -V
       localedef (GNU libc) 2.0.4
       Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
       This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
       warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
       Written by Ulrich Drepper.
       > ldd /bin/tcsh
              libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40003000)
              libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x4000a000)
              libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4004a000)
              libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40078000)
              /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00000000)

Av to mnvuma eivai kapws etsi

     fkjg: ^H ^e^v^t^o^l^n ^d^e ^b^r^e^8^n^k^e.

1. Eleg3te ta permissions stnv /usr/share/locale/el_GR

        > ls -l /usr/share/locale/el_GR
        total 96
        drwxr-xr-x   3 root     root         1024 Iouv 25 20:40 ./
        drwxr-xr-x  68 root     root         2048 Aug   6 10:41 ../
        -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        29156 Iouv 25 20:36 LC_COLLATE
        -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        10428 Iouv 25 20:36 LC_CTYPE
        drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Iouv 25 20:34 LC_MESSAGES/
        -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           95 Iouv 25 20:36 LC_MONETARY
        -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           27 Iouv 25 20:36 LC_NUMERIC
        -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          536 Iouv 25 20:36 LC_TIME
        -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        47443 Iouv 12 21:27 tcsh

2. 3avakavete compile tis topikes ru8miseis me to localedef
3. Eleg3te tnv ekdosn tou localedef kai tns libc wste va eivai idies

        > localedef -V
        localedef (GNU libc) 2.0.4
        Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
        This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
        warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
        Written by Ulrich Drepper.
        > ldd /bin/tcsh
               libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40003000)
               libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x4000a000)
               libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4004a000)
               libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40078000)
               /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00000000)

4. Katebaste mia pio prosfatn ekdosn twv topikwv ru8misewv
5. Avaba8miste tnv libc

## 5.4 Ru8miseis diaforwv efarmogwv

Oi pio polles efarmoges to movo pou xreiazovtai eivai to LANG se el_GR.

- X gevika: a)Pros8este sto /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/locale.alias to el_GR.ISO-8859-7 el_GR.ISO8859-7 b) Gia ellnvikous titlous kai ovomata eikovidiwv *titleEncoding: ISO8859-7 *iconNameEncoding: ISO8859-7
- LESS: MHN DHLWNETE TO LESSCHARSET. Me swsta locale, tnv swstn libc, kai to LANG se el_GR deixvei ta ellnvika kavovika. Efarmoges me mnvumata gettext (/usr/share/locale/el_GR/LC_MESSAGES/*.mo): To LANGUAGE se el_GR.
- TCL/TK: Gia va sas afnvei va grafete ellnvika alla3te sto /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/compose.dir apo iso8859-1/Compose C se #iso8859-1/Compose C
- XTERM: Parte tnv ekdosn tou xterm apo tnv Xfree86 3.3 (diaferei apo tnv ekdosn twv X11R6.3) kai metaglwttiste me -DI18N.
- SH-UTILS,FILE-UTILS,TEXT-UTILS: Merika programmata tous 8elouv glibc 2 gia dei3ouv ellnvikes nmeromnvies.
- SYSLOGD:???????
- Dikes sas efarmoges: Gia va mporeite va bazete mexri kai ellnvikes parametrous.

                 #include <locale.h>
                 .....
                 setlocale(LC_ALL,"");
                 .....
                 >dokimn --ola

  Alles efarmoges kaveis;

## 5.5 Problnmata

Polla ;-).

### Problnmata me tnv C Library (libc)

H METAGLWTTISMENH MORFH APO TA LOCALEDEF KAI GENCAT SUNH8WS ALLAZEI APO LIBC SE LIBC KAI ENA PROGRAMMA METAGLWTTISMENO ME TOUS HEADERS MIAS LIBC MPOREI NA MHN MPOREI NA DIABASEI THS TOPIKES RU8MISEIS FTIAGMENES APO ALLH BIBLIO8HKH.

### Problnmata me ta X

Locale not supported from X library.(n kati paromoio) Eleg3te ta dikaiwmata stous upokatalogous

          # chmod -cR a+r /usr/share/locale /usr/X11R6/lib/locale

Eleg3te ta Xresources kai ya3te gia tipota upopto

          >xrdb -query

Blepe problnmata me tnv biblio8nkn tns C.

### Problnmata pou dnmiourgouvtai otav ola eivai swsta ;-)

O daimovas syslogd apo8nkeuei ta dedomeva sta 7-bit kai polles efarmoges 8a tou stelvouv tis nmeromnvies sta ellnvika p.x.to PAM me apotelesma merikes fores va mnv mporeis deis tov mnva.

Merika programmata 8a perimevouv gia apavtnsn se erwtnsn "yes/no" avti gia "y" n "n"ta "v" kai "o" avtistoixa.

Stnv kovsola kalo eivai va exete mia grammatoseira iso-8859-7(ELOT-928). Eidika me ellnviko tcsh.

## 5.6 Epipleov plnrofories

- Linux Locales Mini HOWTO: ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/doc/HOWTO/mini/locales
- NLS repository: http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/contrib/po/
- NLS utilities for Linux: ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/nls
- Public domain locale and charmap sources: ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n

Uparxouv ta man pages: locale.5 locale.7 setlocale.2

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