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## 5. Learning LinuxDoc

## 5.1 Introduction

LinuxDoc is a lot easier to learn than DocBook. But most of what you learn about LinuxDoc would also be useful for DocBook. So if you eventually decide to go for DocBook, most of the effort spent on learning LinuxDoc will not be wasted.

One way to learn it is by examples. I've written 3 example files ranging from easy to intermediate. The contents of these files have been copied into this Howto. To turn them into individual files you may cut them out (start with the first tag) and write them to files. Then you could try turning one into text by using say sgml2txt --pass="-P-cbou" some-example.sgml to see what it looks like. Make sure the sgml file names end in .sgml.

If you want to look at some real examples you can just go to an LDP mirror site, find the HOWTOs and select LinuxDoc SGML. Or go to the main site directly: Howto Index (linuxdoc) Now for the first simple example.

## 5.2 Example 1 (file name: example1.sgml)

> `

>     <!doctype linuxdoc system>
>     <article>
>     <title>First Example (example1)
>     <author>David S.Lawyer

>     <sect> Introduction
>     <p> This is a very simple example of "source" for the LinuxDoc text
>     formatting system.  This paragraph begins with a paragraph tag (a "p"
>     enclosed in angle brackets).  Notice that there are other tags, also
>     enclosed in angle brackets.  If you don't see any tags, then you are
>     reading a converted file so find the source file: example1.sgml (which
>     contains the tags).

>     This is the next paragraph.  Note that it is separated from the above
>     paragraph by just a blank line.  Thus it needs no "p" tag in front of
>     it.  The "p" tag is only needed for the first paragraph of a section
>     (just after the sect-tag).  The file suffix: sgml stands for Standard
>     Generalized Markup Language.  You are now reading the LinuxDoc flavor
>     of sgml as specified in the very first line of this file.

>     <sect> Tags
>     <p> Tags are words inside angle brackets.  The "sect" tag above
>     marks the start of a new section of this example document.
>     "Introduction" was the first section and you are now reading the
>     second section titled "Tags".  If this were a long document (like a
>     book), a section would correspond to a chapter.

>     Note that there are "article", "title" and "author" tags at the start
>     of this article.  At the end of this article is an "/article" tag
>     marking the end of this article.  Thus there is a pair of "article"
>     tags, the first being the start tag and the second being the end tag.
>     Thus this entire article is enclosed in a pair of "article" tags.  In
>     later examples you'll see that there are other tags that come in pairs
>     like this.   They affect whatever is between the pairs (start tag and
>     end tag).  Any tag name which has "/" just before it is an "end tag".

>     When this source code is converted to another format (such as plain
>     text using the program sgml2txt) the tags are removed.  Tags only help
>     the sgml2txt program make the conversion.  There are more tags to
>     learn.  So once you understand this example1, please go on to the next
>     example: example2.  You don't need to actually memorize the tags, as
>     they will be repeated (but with little or no explanation) in later
>     examples.
>     </article>

> `

## 5.3 Example 2 (file name: example2.sgml)

> `

>     <!-- This is a comment.  It's ignored when this source file gets
>     converted to other formats.  -->
>     <!-- The tag below says that this file is in LinuxDoc format -->
>     <!doctype linuxdoc system>

>     <article>

>     <title>Second Example (example2)
>     <author>David S. Lawyer
>     <date>v1.0, July 2000

>     <abstract>
>     This is the abstract.  This document is the second example of using
>     the Linuxdoc-SGML flavor of sgml.  It's more complex than the first
>     example (example1.sgml) but simpler than the third example
>     (example3.sgml).  After you digest this you'll be able to write a
>     simple HOWTO using LinuxDoc.  End of the abstract.
>     </abstract>

>     <!-- The "toc" = Table of Contents.   It will be created here. -->
>     <toc>

>     <!-- Begin the main part of the article (or document) here.  The part
>     above this is sort of a long header. -->

>     <sect>This Second Example (example2.sgml)

>     <p>Unless you're familiar with markup languages, you should first
>     read example1.sgml.  You may want to run these example files thru a
>     translator such as sgml2txt to convert them to text and notice how the
>     result looks different than this "source" document with all its tags.

>     <sect>Article Layout
>     <sect1> Document Body

>     <p> After the header comes the body of the document, consisting of
>     nested sections marked by sect-tags.  Subsections are
>     marked by sect1-tags.  Since this is the first subsection
>     within the 2nd main section, it's becomes section 2.1.  Within a
>     subsection marked by sect1 there may be sub-subsections like
>     sect2.  There are even tags like sect3, sect4, etc., but you are
>     unlikely to need them.  Note the the real tags must be enclosed in
>     angle brackets < and >.

>     <sect2> This is a sub-sub-section
>     <p>
>     It's 2.1.1.  Note that a "p" tag may be on a line by itself.  This
>     doesn't change a thing in the resulting documents.

>     <sect1>Document Header
>     <p> One way to create a header part is just to copy one from another
>     .sgml file.  Then replace everything except the tags with the correct
>     info for your document.  This is like using a "template".

>     <sect> More Features in example3
>     <p> With the tags in this example2 you can write a simple short document
>     a few pages long.  But for longer documents or for other important
>     features such as putting links into documents, you need to study the
>     next example: example3.  It will also show you how to create lists and
>     fonts.
>     </article>

> `

## 5.4 Example 3

> `

>     <!doctype linuxdoc system>
>     <!-- Note the mailto: after my name.  This allows the reader of html
>     format to click on my email address to send me email -->

>     <article>
>     <title>Third Example (example3)
>     <author>David S. Lawyer <url url="mailto:dave@lafn.org">
>     <date>v1.0, July 2000
>     <abstract>
>     This document is the third example of using the LinuxDoc flavor of sgml.
>     It's more complex than the second example.
>     </abstract>
>     <!-- Comment: toc = Table of Contents  -->
>     <toc>

>     <sect> Fonts
>     <p>
>     While they will not show up in a plain text output, they will work
>     for other conversions.
>     <bf>boldface font</bf>   <em>emphasis font</em>     <sf>sans serif</sf>
>     <sl>slanted font</sl>    <tt>typewriter font</tt>   <it>italics font</it>
>     There's another way to get these same fonts by enclosing the text in
>     slashes like this: <bf/boldface font/    <em/emphasis font/
>     <sf/sans serif/ <sl/slanted font/     <tt/typewriter font/
>     <it/italics font/ Note that DocBook doesn't have font tags so it may
>     be best not to use fonts if you plan to convert to DocBook.

>     <sect> Links <label id="links_">
>     <p> You may create links (something that html browsers may click on to
>     go somewhere else).  They might just go to another part of this
>     document (cross-references) such as to the "label" above, or they
>     could go to a website on the Internet.

>     <sect1> Cross-References
>     <p> If you click on <ref id="links_" name="Links"> you will be taken to
>     the start of the "Links" section above (which is labeled links_).
>     The label id may be any word you choose but it's a good idea to avoid
>     common words so that you can search for unique labels using your
>     editor.  That's why I use links_ (with the underline).  The name of
>     this link will be shown (in html format) as the name to click on.
>     This name (Links) will also be present in the text rendition.

>     <sect1> URL Links
>     <p> If you click on <url url="http://www.tldp.org"> you will get
>     to the Linux Documentation Project website.  The next link adds a name
>     which people will click on: <url url="http://www.tldp.org"
>     name="Linux Documentation Project">.  Using this second method, you may
>     not even need to explain where the link leads to since it's obvious by
>     the name.

>     <sect> Prohibited Characters
>     <p> Any word you type between angle brackets will be interpreted as a
>     tag.  But what if you want to display a tag in a document?  For this
>     you use a code word for the angle characters.

>     You may use &lt for < and &gt for >.  lt = Less Than, gt =
>     Greater Than.  For example, here's a p-tag: &lt;p&gt;.  Of
>     course it doesn't actually start any paragraph, but it will appear in
>     the converted document as <p>.  These codes all start with an &
>     character.  The ; after the lt is to separate it.  It's not needed if
>     there is a space after it.  For example: 3 &lt 4.  Actually, if
>     you knew that its OK to use an unpaired > then you could have written
>     <p> as &lt;p>.  This will not be mistakenly recognized as a tag
>     since there is no opening <.  Actually 3 < 4 works fine too.

>     There are other characters that you can't put into the document text
>     directly.  For & in an AT modem command use: AT&amp;.  If other
>     characters cause you trouble (they seldom will) see <ref id="ch_codes"
>     name="Character Codes (macros)"> or the "guide" that comes with
>     linuxdoc-tools or sgml-tools.

>     <sect> Verbatim, Code & Newline
>     <sect1> Verbatim
>     <p> If you want to insure that it will look exactly like you typed it
>     after it's converted  to other formats, use verbatim (verb).  This is
>     useful for creating tables, etc.  But some things still get recognized
>     as markup even though they are between verbatim tags.  This includes
>     the macros starting with & and end tags with /.

>     <tscreen><verb>
>     % sgml2txt --pass="-P-cbou" example.sgml
>     </verb></tscreen>
>     The "tscreen" sets the font to typewriter and indents it nicely.

>     <sect1> Code
>     <p> This encloses computer code between two dashed lines.
>     <tscreen><code>
>     Put computer source code here
>     </code></tscreen>

>     <sect1> Newline
>     <p> To force a newline use <newline>
>     This sentence always starts at the left margin.

>     <sect>Lists
>     <p>
>     This puts items into a list with a bullet at the start of each item.
>     They start with the "itemize" tag.
>     <itemize>
>     <item> This is the first item in a list.
>     <item> This is the second item
>            <itemize>
>            <item> Multiple levels (nesting) are supported.
>            <item> The second item in this sublist
>            </itemize>
>            <enum>
>            <item> Enumerated lists using <tt/enum/ also work.
>            <item> This is item number 2
>            </enum>
>     <item> The final item in the main list
>     </itemize>
>     </article>

> `

## 5.5 LinuxDoc Quick Reference Sheet

### Header Part

> `

>     <!doctype linuxdoc system>
>     <article>
>     <title>Quick Reference Sheet
>     <author>David S. Lawyer
>     <date>v1.0, July 2000
>     <abstract> abstract here </abstract>
>     <toc> <!-- Comment: toc = Table of Contents  -->

> `

### Body Layout

> `

>     <sect> Chapter 1            Note: Put a <p> on the first line of
>     <sect1> Subsection 1.1      each section (or subsection, etc.)
>     <sect1> Subsection 1.2
>     <sect> Chapter 2            Choose title names to replace "Chapter"
>     <sect1> Subsection 2.1      "Subsection", etc.
>     <sect2> Sub-subsection 2.1.1
>     <sect2> Sub-subsection 2.1.2
>     <sect1> Subsection 2.2
>     </article>

> `

### Fonts

There are two ways to get these:

    <bf>boldface font</bf>   <em>emphasis font</em>     <sf>sans serif font</sf>
    <sl>slanted font</sl>    <tt>typewriter font</tt>   <it>italics font</it>
    <bf/boldface/    <em/emphasis/     <sf/sans serif/
    <sl/slanted/     <tt/typewriter/   <it/italics/

### Lists (nesting is OK)

> `

>     Ordinary unnumbered list:               Numbered list:
>     <itemize>                               <enum>
>     <item> First item                       <item> First item
>     <item> Second item                      <item> Second item
>     <item> etc.                             <item> etc.
>     </itemize>                              </enum>

> `

### Links

> `

>        Cross-References:                            An Email Link:
>     <ref id="links_" name="Links">          <url url="mailto:bob@tldp.org">

> `

### Newline, Verbatim, URLs

> `

>     To force a newline <newline>
>     <tscreen><verb>
>     <url url="http://www.tldp.org">
>     <url url="http://www.tldp.org" name="Linux Documentation Project">.
>     </verb></tscreen>

> `

### Character Codes (macros)

You don't always need to use these.

- Use `&amp;` for the ampersand (&),
- Use `&lt;` for a left bracket (<),
- Use `&gt;` for a right bracket (>),
- Use `&etago;` for a left bracket with a slash (`</`)

Use of these are optional and I seldom use them.

- Use ```` and `''` for opening and closing double quotes
- Use `&shy;` for a soft hyphen (that is, an indication that this is a good place to break a very long word to insert a hyphen for horizontal justification).

Only use these if LinuxDoc complains about it or fails to generate them in the formated document. I've seldom had to use them.

- Use `&dollar;` for a dollar sign ($),
- Use `&num;` for a hash (#),
- Use `&percnt;` for a percent (%),
- Use `&tilde;` for a tilde (~),
- Use `&dquot;` for ".

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