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## 4. Shell Scripts

## 4.1 Virtfs

Each domain should get their own directory structure. Since you are using `chroot` you will require duplicate copies of the shared libraries, binaries, conf files, etc. I use /virtual/domain1.com for each domain that I create.

I realize that you are taking up more disk space but it is cheaper than a whole new machine and network cards. If you really want to preserve space you can hard link the files together so only one copy of each binary exists. The filesystem that I use takes up a little over 2M. However, this script attempts to copy all the files from the main filesystem in order to be as generic as possible.

Here is a sample virtfs script:

    #!/bin/sh

    echo '$Revision: 1.49 $'

    echo -n "Enter the domain name: "
    read domain

    if [ "$domain" = "" ]
    then
            echo Nothing entered: aborting
            exit 0
    fi

    leadingdir=/virtual

    echo -n "Enter leading dir: (Enter for default: $leadingdir): "
    read ans

    if [ "$ans" != "" ]
    then
            leadingdir=$ans
    fi

    newdir=$leadingdir/$domain

    if [ -d "$newdir" ]
    then
            echo New directory: $newdir: ALREADY exists
            exit 0
    else
            echo New directory: $newdir
    fi

    echo Create $newdir
    mkdir -p $newdir

    echo Create bin
    cp -pdR /bin $newdir

    echo Create dev
    cp -pdR /dev $newdir

    echo Create dev/log
    ln -f /virtual/log $newdir/dev/log

    echo Create etc
    mkdir -p $newdir/etc
    for i in /etc/*
    do
            if [ -d "$i" ]
            then
                    continue
            fi
            cp -pd $i $newdir/etc
    done

    echo Create etc/skel
    mkdir -p $newdir/etc/skel

    echo Create home
    for i in a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
    do
            mkdir -p $newdir/home/$i
    done

    echo Create home/c/crc
    mkdir -p $newdir/home/c/crc
    chown crc.users $newdir/home/c/crc

    echo Create lib
    mkdir -p $newdir/lib
    for i in /lib/*
    do
            if [ -d "$i" ]
            then
                    continue
            fi
            cp -pd $i $newdir/lib
    done

    echo Create proc
    mkdir -p $newdir/proc

    echo Create sbin
    cp -pdR /sbin $newdir

    echo Create tmp
    mkdir -p -m 0777 $newdir/tmp
    chmod +t $newdir/tmp

    echo Create usr
    mkdir -p $newdir/usr

    echo Create usr/bin
    cp -pdR /usr/bin $newdir/usr

    echo Create usr/lib
    mkdir -p $newdir/usr/lib

    echo Create usr/lib/locale
    cp -pdR /usr/lib/locale $newdir/usr/lib

    echo Create usr/lib/terminfo
    cp -pdR /usr/lib/terminfo $newdir/usr/lib

    echo Create usr/lib/zoneinfo
    cp -pdR /usr/lib/zoneinfo $newdir/usr/lib

    echo Create usr/lib/\*.so\*
    cp -pdR /usr/lib/*.so* $newdir/usr/lib

    echo Create usr/sbin
    cp -pdR /usr/sbin $newdir/usr

    echo Linking usr/tmp
    ln -s /tmp $newdir/usr/tmp

    echo Create var
    mkdir -p $newdir/var

    echo Create var/lock
    cp -pdR /var/lock $newdir/var

    echo Create var/log
    mkdir -p $newdir/var/log

    echo Create var/log/wtmp
    cp /dev/null $newdir/var/log/wtmp

    echo Create var/run
    cp -pdR /var/run $newdir/var

    echo Create var/run/utmp
    cp /dev/null $newdir/var/run/utmp

    echo Create var/spool
    cp -pdR /var/spool $newdir/var

    echo Linking var/tmp
    ln -s /tmp $newdir/var/tmp

    echo Create var/www/html
    mkdir -p $newdir/var/www/html
    chown webmast.www $newdir/var/www/html
    chmod g+s $newdir/var/www/html

    echo Create var/www/master
    mkdir -p $newdir/var/www/master
    chown webmast.www $newdir/var/www/master

    echo Create var/www/server
    mkdir -p $newdir/var/www/server
    chown webmast.www $newdir/var/www/server

    exit 0

## 4.2 Virtexec

To execute commands in a virtual environment you have to `chroot` to that directory and then run the command. I have written a special shell script called virtexec that handles this for any command:

    #!/bin/sh

    echo '$Revision: 1.49 $'

    BNAME=`basename $0`
    FIRST4CHAR=`echo $BNAME | cut -c1-4`
    REALBNAME=`echo $BNAME | cut -c5-`

    if [ "$BNAME" = "virtexec" ]
    then
            echo Cannot run virtexec directly: NEED a symlink
            exit 0
    fi

    if [ "$FIRST4CHAR" != "virt" ]
    then
            echo Symlink not a virt function
            exit 0
    fi

    list=""
    num=1
    for i in /virtual/*
    do
            if [ ! -d "$i" ]
            then
                    continue
            fi
            if [ "$i" = "/virtual/lost+found" ]
            then
                    continue
            fi
            list="$list $i $num"
            num=`expr $num + 1`
    done

    if [ "$list" = "" ]
    then
            echo No virtual environments exist
            exit 0
    fi

    dialog --clear --title 'Virtexec' --menu Pick 20 70 12 $list 2> /tmp/menu.$$
    if [ "$?" = "0" ]
    then
            newdir=`cat /tmp/menu.$$`
    else
            newdir=""
    fi
    tput clear
    rm -f /tmp/menu.$$

    echo '$Revision: 1.49 $'

    if [ ! -d "$newdir" ]
    then
            echo New directory: $newdir: NOT EXIST
            exit 0
    else
            echo New directory: $newdir
    fi

    echo bname: $BNAME

    echo realbname: $REALBNAME

    if [ "$*" = "" ]
    then
            echo args: none
    else
            echo args: $*
    fi

    echo Changing to $newdir
    cd $newdir

    echo Running program $REALBNAME

    chroot $newdir $REALBNAME $*

    exit 0

Please note that you must have the `dialog` program installed on your system for this to work. To use virtexec just symlink a program to it. For example,

    ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtpasswd
    ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtvi
    ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtpico
    ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtemacs
    ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtmailq

Then if you type virtvi or virtpasswd or virtmailq it will allow you to vi a program, change a user's password or check the mail queue on your virtual system. You can create as many virtexec symlinks as you want. Please note that if your program requires a shared library it has to be in the virtual filesystem as well as the binary.

## 4.3 Notes

I install all the scripts in /usr/local/bin. Anything that I do not want to put on the virtual filesystem I put in /usr/local. The script does not copy any of the files in /usr/local to the virtual filesystem. Any files that are important to not cross virtual filesystems should be removed. For example, ssh is installed on my system and I did not want the private key for the server available on all the virtual filesystems so I remove it from each virtual filesystem after I run virtfs. I also change resolv.conf and remove anything that has the name of another domain on it for legal reasons. For example, /etc/hosts and /etc/HOSTNAME.

The programs that I symlink to virtexec are:

- virtpasswd -- change a user password
- virtadduser -- create a user
- virtdeluser -- delete a user
- virtsmbstatus -- see SAMBA status
- virtvi -- edit a file
- virtmailq -- check out the mailq
- virtnewaliases -- rebuild alias tables

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