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## 2. Traditional Artificial Intelligence

Traditional AI is based around the ideas of logic, rule systems, linguistics, and the concept of rationality. At its roots are programming languages such as Lisp and Prolog. Expert systems are the largest successful example of this paradigm. An expert system consists of a detailed knowledge base and a complex rule system to utilize it. Such systems have been used for such things as medical diagnosis support and credit checking systems.

## 2.1 AI class/code libraries

These are libraries of code or classes for use in programming within the artificial intelligence field. They are not meant as stand alone applications, but rather as tools for building your own applications.

ACL2

  - Web site: www.cliki.net/ACL2

  ACL2 (A Computational Logic for Applicative Common Lisp) is a theorem prover for industrial applications. It is both a mathematical logic and a system of tools for constructing proofs in the logic. ACL2 works with GCL (GNU Common Lisp).

AI Kernel

  - Web site: aikernel.sourceforge.net
  - Sourceforge site: sourceforge.net/projects/aikernel/

  The AI Kernel is a re-usable artificial intelligence engine that uses natural language processing and an Activator / Context model to allow multi tasking between installed cells.

AI Search II

  - WEB site: www.bell-labs.com/topic/books/ooai-book/

  Basically, the library offers the programmer a set of search algorithms that may be used to solve all kind of different problems. The idea is that when developing problem solving software the programmer should be able to concentrate on the representation of the problem to be solved and should not need to bother with the implementation of the search algorithm that will be used to actually conduct the search. This idea has been realized by the implementation of a set of search classes that may be incorporated in other software through C++'s features of derivation and inheritance. The following search algorithms have been implemented:

  - depth-first tree and graph search.
  - breadth-first tree and graph search.
  - uniform-cost tree and graph search.
  - best-first search.
  - bidirectional depth-first tree and graph search.
  - bidirectional breadth-first tree and graph search.
  - AND/OR depth tree search.
  - AND/OR breadth tree search.

  This library has a corresponding book, " Object-Oriented Artificial Instelligence, Using C++".

Aleph

  - Web site: web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/machlearn/Aleph/

  This document provides reference information on A Learning Engine for Proposing Hypotheses (Aleph). Aleph is an Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) system. Aleph is intended to be a prototype for exploring ideas. Aleph is an ILP algorithm implemented in Prolog by Dr Ashwin Srinivasan at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory, and is written specifically for compilation with the YAP Prolog compiler

Chess In Lisp (CIL)

  - Web site: *found as part of the CLOCC archive at: clocc.sourceforge.net

  The CIL (Chess In Lisp) foundation is a Common Lisp implementaion of all the core functions needed for development of chess applications. The main purpose of the CIL project is to get AI researchers interested in using Lisp to work in the chess domain.

DAI

  - Web site: starship.python.net/crew/gandalf/DNET/AI/

  A library for the Python programming language that provides an object oriented interface to the CLIPS expert system tool. It includes an interface to COOL (CLIPS Object Oriented Language) that allows:

  - Investigate COOL classes
  - Create and manipulate with COOL instances
  - Manipulate with COOL message-handler's
  - Manipulate with Modules

FFLL

  - Web site: ffll.sourceforge.net

  The Free Fuzzy Logic Library (FFLL) is an open source fuzzy logic class library and API that is optimized for speed critical applications, such as video games. FFLL is able to load files that adhere to the IEC 61131-7 standard.

Fuzzy sets for Ada

  - Web site: www.dmitry-kazakov.de/ada/fuzzy.htm
  - Freshmeat: freshmeat.net/projects/fuzzy/

  Fuzzy sets for Ada is a library providing implementations of confidence factors with the operations not, and, or, xor, +, and *, classical fuzzy sets with the set-theoretic operations and the operations of the possibility theory, intuitionistic fuzzy sets with the operations on them, fuzzy logic based on the intuitionistic fuzzy sets and the possibility theory; fuzzy numbers, both integer and floating-point with conventional arithmetical operations, and linguistic variables and sets of linguistic variables with operations on them. String-oriented I/O is supported.

HTK

  - Web site: htk.eng.cam.ac.uk

  The Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK) is a portable toolkit for building and manipulating hidden Markov models. HTK consists of a set of library modules and tools available in C source form. The tools provide sophisticated facilities for speech analysis, HMM training, testing and results analysis. The software supports HMMs using both continuous density mixture Gaussians and discrete distributions and can be used to build complex HMM systems. The HTK release contains extensive documentation and examples.

JCK

  - Web site: www.pms.informatik.uni-muenchen.de/software/jack/

  JCK is a new library providing constraint programming and search for Java.

  - JCK consists of three components:
  - - JCHR: Java Constraint Handling Rules. A high-level language to write constraint solvers.
  - - JASE: Java Abstract Search Engine. A generic search engine for JCHR to solve constraint problems.
  - - VisualCHR: An interactive tool to visualize JCHR computations.
  Source and documentation available from link above.

KANREN

  - Web site: kanren.sourceforge.net

  KANREN is a declarative logic programming system with first-class relations, embedded in a pure functional subset of Scheme. The system has a set-theoretical semantics, true unions, fair scheduling, first-class relations, lexically-scoped logical variables, depth-first and iterative deepening strategies. The system achieves high performance and expressivity without cuts.

LK

  - Web site: www.cs.utoronto.ca/~neto/research/lk/

  LK is an implementation of the Lin-Kernighan heuristic for the Traveling Salesman Problem and for the minimum weight perfect matching problem. It is tuned for 2-d geometric instances, and has been applied to certain instances with up to a million cities. Also included are instance generators and Perl scripts for munging TSPLIB instances.

  This implementation introduces ``efficient cluster compensation'', an experimental algorithmic technique intended to make the Lin-Kernighan heuristic more robust in the face of clustered data.

maxent

  - Python/C++ version: homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/s0450736/maxent_toolkit.html
  - Java version: maxent.sourceforge.net

  The Maximum Entropy Toolkit provides a set of tools and library for constructing maximum entropy (maxent) models in either Python or C++. It features conditional maximum entropy models, L-BFGS and GIS parameter estimation, Gaussian Prior smoothing, a C++ API, a Python extension module, a command line utility, and good documentation. A Java version is also available.

Nyquist

  - Web site: www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~music/nyquist/

  The Computer Music Project at CMU is developing computer music and interactive performance technology to enhance human musical experience and creativity. This interdisciplinary effort draws on Music Theory, Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Human Computer Interaction, Real-Time Systems, Computer Graphics and Animation, Multimedia, Programming Languages, and Signal Processing. A paradigmatic example of these interdisciplinary efforts is the creation of interactive performances that couple human musical improvisation with intelligent computer agents in real-time.

OpenCyc

  - Web site: www.opencyc.org
  - Alt Web site: sourceforge.net/projects/opencyc/

  OpenCyc is the open source version of Cyc, the largest and most complete general knowledge base and commonsense reasoning engine. An ontology based on 6000 concepts and 60000 assertions about them.

Python Fuzzy Logic Module

  - FTP site: ftp://ftp.csh.rit.edu/pub/members/retrev/

  A simple python module for fuzzy logic. The file is 'fuz.tar.gz' in this directory. The author plans to also write a simple genetic algorithm and a neural net library as well. Check the 00_index file in this directory for release info.

Screamer

  - Web site: www.cis.upenn.edu/~screamer-tools/home.html
  - Latest version is part of CLOCC: clocc.sourceforge.net

  Screamer is an extension of Common Lisp that adds support for nondeterministic programming. Screamer consists of two levels. The basic nondeterministic level adds support for backtracking and undoable side effects. On top of this nondeterministic substrate, Screamer provides a comprehensive constraint programming language in which one can formulate and solve mixed systems of numeric and symbolic constraints. Together, these two levels augment Common Lisp with practically all of the functionality of both Prolog and constraint logic programming languages such as CHiP and CLP(R). Furthermore, Screamer is fully integrated with Common Lisp. Screamer programs can coexist and interoperate with other extensions to Common Lisp such as CLOS, CLIM and Iterate.

SPASS

  - Web site: spass.mpi-sb.mpg.de

  SPASS: An Automated Theorem Prover for First-Order Logic with Equality

  If you are interested in first-order logic theorem proving, the formal analysis of software, systems, protocols, formal approaches to AI planning, decision procedures, modal logic theorem proving, SPASS may offer you the right functionality.

ThoughtTreasure

  - Web site: www.signiform.com/tt/htm/tt.htm

  ThoughtTreasure is a project to create a database of commonsense rules for use in any application. It consists of a database of a little over 100K rules and a C API to integrate it with your applications. Python, Perl, Java and TCL wrappers are already available.

Torch

  - Web site: www.torch.ch

  Torch is a machine-learning library, written in C++. Its aim is to provide the state-of-the-art of the best algorithms. It is, and it will be, in development forever.

  - Many gradient-based methods, including multi-layered perceptrons, radial basis functions, and mixtures of experts. Many small "modules" (Linear module, Tanh module, SoftMax module, ...) can be plugged together.
  - Support Vector Machine, for classification and regression.
  - Distribution package, includes Kmeans, Gaussian Mixture Models, Hidden Markov Models, and Bayes Classifier, and classes for speech recognition with embedded training.
  - Ensemble models such as Bagging and Adaboost.
  - Non-parametric models such as K-nearest-neighbors, Parzen Regression and Parzen Density Estimator.

  Torch is an open library whose authors encourage everybody to develop new packages to be included in future versions on the official website.

## 2.2 AI software kits, applications, etc.

These are various applications, software kits, etc. meant for research in the field of artificial intelligence. Their ease of use will vary, as they were designed to meet some particular research interest more than as an easy to use commercial package.

ASA - Adaptive Simulated Annealing

  - Web site: www.ingber.com/#ASA-CODE
  - FTP site: ftp.ingber.com/

  ASA (Adaptive Simulated Annealing) is a powerful global optimization C-code algorithm especially useful for nonlinear and/or stochastic systems.

  ASA is developed to statistically find the best global fit of a nonlinear non-convex cost-function over a D-dimensional space. This algorithm permits an annealing schedule for 'temperature' T decreasing exponentially in annealing-time k, T = T_0 exp(-c k^1/D). The introduction of re-annealing also permits adaptation to changing sensitivities in the multi-dimensional parameter-space. This annealing schedule is faster than fast Cauchy annealing, where T = T_0/k, and much faster than Boltzmann annealing, where T = T_0/ln k.

Babylon

  - FTP site: ftp.gmd.de/gmd/ai-research/Software/Babylon/

  BABYLON is a modular, configurable, hybrid environment for developing expert systems. Its features include objects, rules with forward and backward chaining, logic (Prolog) and constraints. BABYLON is implemented and embedded in Common Lisp.

cfengine

  - Web site: www.iu.hio.no/cfengine/

  Cfengine, or the configuration engine is a very high level language for building expert systems which administrate and configure large computer networks. Cfengine uses the idea of classes and a primitive form of intelligence to define and automate the configuration of large systems in the most economical way possible. Cfengine is design to be a part of computer immune systems.

CLEARS

  - Web site: ???? (anyone know where to find this anymore)

  The CLEARS system is an interactive graphical environment for computational semantics. The tool allows exploration and comparison of different semantic formalisms, and their interaction with syntax. This enables the user to get an idea of the range of possibilities of semantic construction, and also where there is real convergence between theories.

CLIPS

  - Web site: www.ghg.net/clips/CLIPS.html

  CLIPS is a productive development and delivery expert system tool which provides a complete environment for the construction of rule and/or object based expert systems.

  CLIPS provides a cohesive tool for handling a wide variety of knowledge with support for three different programming paradigms: rule-based, object-oriented and procedural. Rule-based programming allows knowledge to be represented as heuristics, or "rules of thumb," which specify a set of actions to be performed for a given situation. Object-oriented programming allows complex systems to be modeled as modular components (which can be easily reused to model other systems or to create new components). The procedural programming capabilities provided by CLIPS are similar to capabilities found in languages such as C, Pascal, Ada, and LISP.

FOOL & FOX

  - Web site: rhaug.de/fool/
  - FTP site: ftp.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/pub/fool/

  FOOL stands for the Fuzzy Organizer OLdenburg. It is a result from a project at the University of Oldenburg. FOOL is a graphical user interface to develop fuzzy rulebases. FOOL will help you to invent and maintain a database that specifies the behavior of a fuzzy-controller or something like that.

  FOX is a small but powerful fuzzy engine which reads this database, reads some input values and calculates the new control value.

FUF and SURGE

  - Web site: www.cs.bgu.ac.il/research/projects/surge/index.htm
  - FTP site: ftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/pub/fuf/

  FUF is an extended implementation of the formalism of functional unification grammars (FUGs) introduced by Martin Kay specialized to the task of natural language generation. It adds the following features to the base formalism:

  - Types and inheritance.
  - Extended control facilities (goal freezing, intelligent backtracking).
  - Modular syntax.
  These extensions allow the development of large grammars which can be processed efficiently and can be maintained and understood more easily. SURGE is a large syntactic realization grammar of English written in FUF. SURGE is developed to serve as a black box syntactic generation component in a larger generation system that encapsulates a rich knowledge of English syntax. SURGE can also be used as a platform for exploration of grammar writing with a generation perspective.

The Grammar Workbench

  - Web site: ??? www.cs.kun.nl/agfl/

  Seems to be obsolete??? Its gone from the site, though its parent project is still ongoing.

  The Grammar Workbench, or GWB for short, is an environment for the comfortable development of Affix Grammars in the AGFL-formalism. Its purposes are:

  - to allow the user to input, inspect and modify a grammar;
  - to perform consistency checks on the grammar;
  - to compute grammar properties;
  - to generate example sentences;
  - to assist in performing grammar transformations.

GSM Suite

  - Alt site: www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/draw/

  The GSM Suite is a set of programs for using Finite State Machines in a graphical fashion. The suite consists of programs that edit, compile, and print state machines. Included in the suite is an editor program, gsmedit, a compiler, gsm2cc, that produces a C++ implementation of a state machine, a PostScript generator, gsm2ps, and two other minor programs. GSM is licensed under the GNU Public License and so is free for your use under the terms of that license.

Isabelle

  - Web site: isabelle.in.tum.de

  Isabelle is a popular generic theorem prover developed at Cambridge University and TU Munich. Existing logics like Isabelle/HOL provide a theorem proving environment ready to use for sizable applications. Isabelle may also serve as framework for rapid prototyping of deductive systems. It comes with a large library including Isabelle/HOL (classical higher-order logic), Isabelle/HOLCF (Scott's Logic for Computable Functions with HOL), Isabelle/FOL (classical and intuitionistic first-order logic), and Isabelle/ZF (Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory on top of FOL).

Jess, the Java Expert System Shell

  - Web site: herzberg.ca.sandia.gov/jess/

  Jess is a clone of the popular CLIPS expert system shell written entirely in Java. With Jess, you can conveniently give your applets the ability to 'reason'. Jess is compatible with all versions of Java starting with version 1.0.2. Jess implements the following constructs from CLIPS: defrules, deffunctions, defglobals, deffacts, and deftemplates.

learn

  - Web site: www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/apps/cai/

  Learn is a vocable learning program with memory model.

LISA

  - Web site: lisa.sourceforge.net

  LISA (Lisp-based Intelligent Software Agents) is a production-rule system heavily influenced by JESS (Java Expert System Shell). It has at its core a reasoning engine based on the Rete pattern matching algorithm. LISA also provides the ability to reason over ordinary CLOS objects.

NICOLE

  - Web site: nicole.sourceforge.net

  NICOLE (Nearly Intelligent Computer Operated Language Examiner) is a theory or experiment that if a computer is given enough combinations of how words, phrases and sentences are related to one another, it could talk back to you. It is an attempt to simulate a conversation by learning how words are related to other words. A human communicates with NICOLE via the keyboard and NICOLE responds back with its own sentences which are automatically generated, based on what NICOLE has stored in it's database. Each new sentence that has been typed in, and NICOLE doesn't know about, is included into NICOLE's database, thus extending the knowledge base of NICOLE.

NLTK

  - Web site: nltk.sourceforge.net

  NLTK, the Natural Language Toolkit, is a suite of Python libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing. NLTK includes graphical demonstrations and sample data. It is accompanied by extensive documentation, including tutorials that explain the underlying concepts behind the language processing tasks supported by the toolkit.

  NLTK is ideally suited to students who are learning NLP (natural language processing) or conducting research in NLP or closely related areas, including empirical linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, information retrieval, and machine learning. NLTK has been used successfully as a teaching tool, as an individual study tool, and as a platform for prototyping and building research systems.

Otter: An Automated Deduction System

  - Web site: www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/AR/otter/

  Our current automated deduction system Otter is designed to prove theorems stated in first-order logic with equality. Otter's inference rules are based on resolution and paramodulation, and it includes facilities for term rewriting, term orderings, Knuth-Bendix completion, weighting, and strategies for directing and restricting searches for proofs. Otter can also be used as a symbolic calculator and has an embedded equational programming system.

PVS

  - Web site: pvs.csl.sri.com/

  PVS is a verification system: that is, a specification language integrated with support tools and a theorem prover. It is intended to capture the state-of-the-art in mechanized formal methods and to be sufficiently rugged that it can be used for significant applications. PVS is a research prototype: it evolves and improves as we develop or apply new capabilities, and as the stress of real use exposes new requirements.

SNePS

  - Web site: www.cse.buffalo.edu/sneps/

  The long-term goal of The SNePS Research Group is the design and construction of a natural-language-using computerized cognitive agent, and carrying out the research in artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, and cognitive science necessary for that endeavor. The three-part focus of the group is on knowledge representation, reasoning, and natural-language understanding and generation. The group is widely known for its development of the SNePS knowledge representation/reasoning system, and Cassie, its computerized cognitive agent.

Soar

  - Web site: sitemaker.umich.edu/soar

  Soar has been developed to be a general cognitive architecture. We intend ultimately to enable the Soar architecture to:

  - work on the full range of tasks expected of an intelligent agent, from highly routine to extremely difficult, open-ended problems
  - represent and use appropriate forms of knowledge, such as procedural, declarative, episodic, and possibly iconic
  - employ the full range of problem solving methods
  - interact with the outside world and
  - learn about all aspects of the tasks and its performance on them.
  In other words, our intention is for Soar to support all the capabilities required of a general intelligent agent.

TCM

  - Web site: wwwhome.cs.utwente.nl/~tcm/
  - FTP site: ftp.cs.utwente.nl/pub/tcm/

  TCM (Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling) is our suite of graphical editors. TCM contains graphical editors for Entity-Relationship diagrams, Class-Relationship diagrams, Data and Event Flow diagrams, State Transition diagrams, Jackson Process Structure diagrams and System Network diagrams, Function Refinement trees and various table editors, such as a Function-Entity table editor and a Function Decomposition table editor. TCM is easy to use and performs numerous consistency checks, some of them immediately, some of them upon request.

Yale

  - Web site: yale.sf.net/
  - Alt Web site: rapid-i.com/

  YALE (Yet Another Learning Environment) is an environment for machine learning experiments. Experiments can be made up of a large number of arbitrarily nestable operators and their setup is described by XML files which can easily created with a graphical user interface. Applications of YALE cover both research and real-world learning tasks.

WEKA

  - Web site: lucy.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/

  WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is an state-of-the-art facility for applying machine learning techniques to practical problems. It is a comprehensive software "workbench" that allows people to analyse real-world data. It integrates different machine learning tools within a common framework and a uniform user interface. It is designed to support a "simplicity-first" methodology, which allows users to experiment interactively with simple machine learning tools before looking for more complex solutions.

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