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# 19.3. Automatic key exchange (IKE)

IPsec requires a key exchange of a secret. This is mostly done automatically by so called IKE daemons. They also handle the authentication of the peers, either by a common known secret (so called “pre-shared secret”) or by RSA keys (which can also be used from X.509 certificates).

Currently, two different IKE daemons are available for Linux, which totally differ in configuration and usage.

I prefer “pluto” from the *S/WAN implementation because of the easier and one-config-only setup.

## 19.3.1. IKE daemon “racoon”

The IKE daemon “racoon” is taken from the KAME project and ported to Linux. Modern Linux distributions contain this daemon in the package “ipsec-tools”. Two executables are required for a proper IPsec setup. Take a look on Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control HOWTO / IPSEC, too.

### 19.3.1.1. Manipulation of the IPsec SA/SP database with the tool “setkey”

“setkey” is important to define the security policy (SP) for the kernel.

File: /etc/racoon/setkey.sh

- Example for an end-to-end encrypted connection in transport mode

    #!/sbin/setkey -f
    flush;
    spdflush;
    spdadd 2001:db8:1:1::1 2001:db8:2:2::2 any -P out ipsec esp/transport//require;
    spdadd 2001:db8:2:2::2 2001:db8:1:1::1 any -P in  ipsec esp/transport//require;

- Example for a end-to-end encrypted connection in tunnel mode

    #!/sbin/setkey -f
    flush;
    spdflush;
    spdadd 2001:db8:1:1::1 2001:db8:2:2::2 any -P out ipsec
    ¬ esp/tunnel/2001:db8:1:1::1-2001:db8:2:2::2/require;
    spdadd 2001:db8:2:2::2 2001:db8:1:1::1 any -P in  ipsec
    ¬ esp/tunnel/2001:db8:2:2::2-2001:db8:1:1::1/require;

For the other peer, you have to replace “in” with “out”.

### 19.3.1.2. Configuration of the IKE daemon “racoon”

“racoon” requires a configuration file for proper execution. It includes the related settings to the security policy, which should be set up previously using “setkey”.

File: /etc/racoon/racoon.conf

    # Racoon IKE daemon configuration file.
    # See 'man racoon.conf' for a description of the format and entries.
    path include "/etc/racoon";
    path pre_shared_key "/etc/racoon/psk.txt";

    listen
    {
            isakmp 2001:db8:1:1::1;
    }

    remote 2001:db8:2:2::2
    {
            exchange_mode main;
            lifetime time 24 hour;
            proposal
            {
                    encryption_algorithm 3des;
                    hash_algorithm md5;
                    authentication_method pre_shared_key;
                    dh_group 2;
            }
    }

    # gateway-to-gateway
    sainfo address 2001:db8:1:1::1 any address 2001:db8:2:2::2 any
    {
            lifetime time 1 hour;
            encryption_algorithm 3des;
            authentication_algorithm hmac_md5;
            compression_algorithm deflate;
    }

    sainfo address 2001:db8:2:2::2 any address 2001:db8:1:1::1 any
    {
            lifetime time 1 hour;
            encryption_algorithm 3des;
            authentication_algorithm hmac_md5;
            compression_algorithm deflate;
    }

Also set up the pre-shared secret:

File: /etc/racoon/psk.txt

    # file for pre-shared keys used for IKE authentication
    # format is: 'identifier' 'key'

    2001:db8:2:2::2 verysecret

### 19.3.1.3. Running IPsec with IKE daemon “racoon”

At least the daemon needs to be started. For the first time, use debug and foreground mode. The following example shows a successful IKE phase 1 (ISAKMP-SA) and 2 (IPsec-SA) negotiation:

    # racoon -F -v -f /etc/racoon/racoon.conf
    Foreground mode.
    2005-01-01 20:30:15: INFO: @(#)ipsec-tools 0.3.3 (http://ipsec-tools.sourceforge.net)
    2005-01-01 20:30:15: INFO: @(#)This product linked
    ¬ OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003 (http://www.openssl.org/)
    2005-01-01 20:30:15: INFO: 2001:db8:1:1::1[500] used as isakmp port (fd=7)
    2005-01-01 20:31:06: INFO: IPsec-SA request for 2001:db8:2:2::2
    ¬ queued due to no phase1 found.
    2005-01-01 20:31:06: INFO: initiate new phase 1 negotiation:
    ¬ 2001:db8:1:1::1[500]<=>2001:db8:2:2::2[500]
    2005-01-01 20:31:06: INFO: begin Identity Protection mode.
    2005-01-01 20:31:09: INFO: ISAKMP-SA established
    ¬ 2001:db8:1:1::1[500]-2001:db8:2:2::2[500] spi:da3d3693289c9698:ac039a402b2db401
    2005-01-01 20:31:09: INFO: initiate new phase 2 negotiation:
    ¬ 2001:6f8:900:94::2[0]<=>2001:db8:2:2::2[0]
    2005-01-01 20:31:10: INFO: IPsec-SA established:
    ¬ ESP/Tunnel 2001:db8:2:2::2->2001:db8:1:1::1 spi=253935531(0xf22bfab)
    2005-01-01 20:31:10: INFO: IPsec-SA established:
    ¬ ESP/Tunnel 2001:db8:1:1::1->2001:db8:2:2::2 spi=175002564(0xa6e53c4)

Each direction got its own IPsec-SA (like defined in the IPsec standard). With “tcpdump” on the related interface, you will see as result of an IPv6 ping:

    20:35:55.305707 2001:db8:1:1::1 > 2001:db8:2:2::2: ESP(spi=0x0a6e53c4,seq=0x3)
    20:35:55.537522 2001:db8:2:2::2 > 2001:db8:1:1::1: ESP(spi=0x0f22bfab,seq=0x3)

As expected, the negotiated SPIs are being used here.

And using “setkey”, current active parameters are shown:

    # setkey -D
    2001:db8:1:1::1 2001:db8:2:2::2
            esp mode=tunnel spi=175002564(0x0a6e53c4) reqid=0(0x00000000)
            E: 3des-cbc  bd26bc45 aea0d249 ef9c6b89 7056080f 5d9fa49c 924e2edd
            A: hmac-md5  60c2c505 517dd8b7 c9609128 a5efc2db
            seq=0x00000000 replay=4 flags=0x00000000 state=mature
            created: Jan  1 20:31:10 2005   current: Jan  1 20:40:47 2005
            diff: 577(s)    hard: 3600(s)   soft: 2880(s)
            last: Jan  1 20:35:05 2005      hard: 0(s)      soft: 0(s)
            current: 540(bytes)     hard: 0(bytes)  soft: 0(bytes)
            allocated: 3    hard: 0 soft: 0
            sadb_seq=1 pid=22358 refcnt=0
    2001:db8:2:2::2 2001:db8:1:1::1
            esp mode=tunnel spi=253935531(0x0f22bfab) reqid=0(0x00000000)
            E: 3des-cbc  c1ddba65 83debd62 3f6683c1 20e747ac 933d203f 4777a7ce
            A: hmac-md5  3f957db9 9adddc8c 44e5739d 3f53ca0e
            seq=0x00000000 replay=4 flags=0x00000000 state=mature
            created: Jan  1 20:31:10 2005   current: Jan  1 20:40:47 2005
            diff: 577(s)    hard: 3600(s)   soft: 2880(s)
            last: Jan  1 20:35:05 2005      hard: 0(s)      soft: 0(s)
            current: 312(bytes)     hard: 0(bytes)  soft: 0(bytes)
            allocated: 3    hard: 0 soft: 0
            sadb_seq=0 pid=22358 refcnt=0

## 19.3.2. IKE daemon “pluto”

The IKE daemon “pluto” is included in distributions of the *S/WAN projects. *S/WAN project starts at the beginning as FreeS/WAN. Unfortunately, the FreeS/WAN project stopped further development in 2004. Because of the slow pace of development in the past, two spin-offs started: strongSwan and Openswan. Today, readily installable packages are available for at least Openswan (included in Fedora Core 3).

A major difference to “racoon”, only one configuration file is required. Also, an initscript exists for automatic setup after booting.

### 19.3.2.1. Configuration of the IKE daemon “pluto”

The configuration is very similar to the IPv4 one, only one important option is necessary.

File: /etc/ipsec.conf

    # /etc/ipsec.conf - Openswan IPsec configuration file
    #
    # Manual:     ipsec.conf.5
    version 2.0     # conforms to second version of ipsec.conf specification

    # basic configuration
    config setup
            # Debug-logging controls:  "none" for (almost) none, "all" for lots.
            # klipsdebug=none
            # plutodebug="control parsing"

    #Disable Opportunistic Encryption
    include /etc/ipsec.d/examples/no_oe.conf

    conn ipv6-p1-p2
            connaddrfamily=ipv6       # Important for IPv6!
            left=2001:db8:1:1::1
            right=2001:db8:2:2::2
            authby=secret
            esp=aes128-sha1
            ike=aes128-sha-modp1024
            type=transport
            #type=tunnel
            compress=no
            #compress=yes
            auto=add
            #auto=start

Don't forget to define the pre-shared secret here also.

File: /etc/ipsec.secrets

    2001:db8:1:1::1 2001:db8:2:2::2 : PSK      "verysecret"

### 19.3.2.2. Running IPsec with IKE daemon “pluto”

If installation of Openswan was successfully, an initscript should exist for starting IPsec, simply run (on each peer):

    # /etc/rc.d/init.d/ipsec start

Afterwards, start this connection on one peer. If you saw the line “IPsec SA established”, all worked fine.

    # ipsec auto --up ipv6-peer1-peer2
    104 "ipv6-p1-p2" #1: STATE_MAIN_I1: initiate
    106 "ipv6-p1-p2" #1: STATE_MAIN_I2: sent MI2, expecting MR2
    108 "ipv6-p1-p2" #1: STATE_MAIN_I3: sent MI3, expecting MR3
    004 "ipv6-p1-p2" #1: STATE_MAIN_I4: ISAKMP SA established
    112 "ipv6-p1-p2" #2: STATE_QUICK_I1: initiate
    004 "ipv6-p1-p2" #2: STATE_QUICK_I2: sent QI2,
    ¬ IPsec SA established {ESP=>0xa98b7710 <0xa51e1f22}

Because *S/WAN and setkey/racoon do use the same IPsec implementation in Linux 2.6.x kernel, “setkey” can be used here too to show current active parameters:

    # setkey -D
    2001:db8:1:1::1 2001:db8:2:2::2
            esp mode=transport spi=2844489488(0xa98b7710) reqid=16385(0x00004001)
            E: aes-cbc  082ee274 2744bae5 7451da37 1162b483
            A: hmac-sha1  b7803753 757417da 477b1c1a 64070455 ab79082c
            seq=0x00000000 replay=64 flags=0x00000000 state=mature
            created: Jan  1 21:16:32 2005   current: Jan  1 21:22:20 2005
            diff: 348(s)    hard: 0(s)      soft: 0(s)
            last:                           hard: 0(s)      soft: 0(s)
            current: 0(bytes)       hard: 0(bytes)  soft: 0(bytes)
            allocated: 0    hard: 0 soft: 0
            sadb_seq=1 pid=23825 refcnt=0
    2001:db8:2:2::2 2001:db8:1:1::1
            esp mode=transport spi=2770214690(0xa51e1f22) reqid=16385(0x00004001)
            E: aes-cbc  6f59cc30 8d856056 65e07b76 552cac18
            A: hmac-sha1  c7c7d82b abfca8b1 5440021f e0c3b335 975b508b
            seq=0x00000000 replay=64 flags=0x00000000 state=mature
            created: Jan  1 21:16:31 2005   current: Jan  1 21:22:20 2005
            diff: 349(s)    hard: 0(s)      soft: 0(s)
            last:                           hard: 0(s)      soft: 0(s)
            current: 0(bytes)       hard: 0(bytes)  soft: 0(bytes)
            allocated: 0    hard: 0 soft: 0
            sadb_seq=0 pid=23825 refcnt=0

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