XDM and X Terminal mini-HOWTO
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# 4. Configuring XDM

This section covers what needs to be configured for XDM to perform the functions described so far in this document.

In each case, the configuration described is the minimum necessary to accomplish each goal. In most cases this means that the configuration is also the least secure. Please refer to some of the additional documentation listed in Section 7 for information about securing XDM and X terminals (in particular the 'Running Remote X Applications Howto' from the LDP).

## 4.1. Configuration Files

This describes the following scheme of XDM configuration files:

- xdm-config

- Xaccess

- Xservers

- Xresources

These must be setup for the machine actually running XDM itself. They will typically be found in (Debian 2.1. Mandrake 7.0.2, RedHat 6.2):

          /etc/X11/xdm

or (SuSE 6.4):

          /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm

xdm-config

  Defines the names and locations of the other configuration files and the basic access permissions. For all distributions considered for this document, the file names were as listed here (but sometimes the locations varied).

  This also defines the scripts to be run for the various state transitions for an X session, i.e. on startup, etc. You should not need to change these, as most distributions would appear to come with this pre-configured for you.

  Note that XDM managed X sessions have a different set of startup and configuration scripts to X sessions started via xinit or startx (i.e. non-XDM managed X sessions).

  Some distributions (e.g. Redhat 7.1) include the following line in this configuration file, which will prevent XDM from listening for queries:

              DisplayManager.requestPort: 0

  This must be commented out as follows:

              !DisplayManager.requestPort: 0

Xaccess

  Determines which machines can connect to XDM - i.e. from which other machines on the network we are accepting XDMCP queries. If a machine is not listed in this file, then it will not be able to request a login prompt from XDM.

Xservers

  Contains a list of machines that XDM will connect to, to provide a login prompt, automatically - i.e. those machines already running an X server, but would like this machine to provide the login prompt.

  This is only required for 'XDM Managed X Servers'. You do not need any entries in this file if you will be relying on remote X servers to query XDM.

  When running as a stand-alone 'X Workstation', there is usually a single entry in this file, listing just the localhost.

Xresources

  Details of the X properties used by the XDM widgets (e.g. size of the login 'box', colours, bitmap backgrounds, etc).

## 4.2. Configuring XDM to Manage X Servers

An entry must be placed in the Xservers file for each X server that XDM will be presenting a login prompt on. This could include the local machine and/or a list of remote machines.

Example

          # First the local host
          :0 local /usr/bin/X11/X vt7
          #
          # Then the remote hosts
          emma:0 foreign
          alex:0 foreign

This will start XDM on the local machine and also present a login screen on the X servers running on the hosts 'emma' and 'alex' (assuming that permissions have been setup on 'emma' and 'alex' such that this machine is permitted to connect to the running X servers).

Note that it is possible to specify the host and display (:0, :1, etc) if required. This is useful, for example, if you are running multiple X servers on a single machine, etc.

## 4.3. Configuring XDM to Receive Queries

The file Xaccess determines which hosts may query XDM on this machine, in order to request a login prompt.

Example

          # First line for direct queries
          *
          # Following line for indirect queries
          * CHOOSER BROADCAST

This means that any host may request a login prompt via XDM (the first '*') using a direct query.

The 'CHOOSER' line specifies which hosts can connect to XDM using indirect queries - in this case, any host may query this machine for a list of potential hosts to connect to (the second '*' line).

'BROADCAST' means that the 'chooser' application on this machine will obtain its list of available servers (that will also be running XDM) via network broadcast queries. I will talk about the 'chooser' later.

It is possible to place specific host names or specifications of network IP addresses (e.g. a whole IP network or specific hosts) in these entries (and there are also other indirect queries possible, without using the chooser) but this is not described here (refer to Section 7 for some links to more information).

## 4.4. Starting X

The way you start the X server itself, will depend upon how you want it to interact with XDM locally and remotely.

X Workstation: XDM and local X server

  XDM will normally start X automatically for you and XDM will usually be configured to run as part of the startup process (via the init scripts). Most distributions have a specific 'run-level' for starting the system up with a graphical login prompt.

  The Xservers file would typically contain a single entry - that of the local host, and the Xaccess file would only need to permit access from the local host.

X Terminal: Remote XDM

  Just start X with no clients, with access permissions such that the remote XDM is able to connect when it starts up. The following will start X with no access control:

                /usr/X11R6/bin/X -ac

  When the remote XDM is started, it will 'push out' a login prompt to all such configured X servers (as listed in its Xservers file).

X Terminal: Query a remote XDM

  Recall there are 3 modes for queries: direct, indirect and broadcast (direct for a single host, indirect for a list of hosts or broadcast for the first host that replies):

                /usr/X11R6/bin/X -query the.remote.host
                /usr/X11R6/bin/X -indirect the.remote.host
                /usr/X11R6/bin/X -broadcast

In each case, X will probably have to be started as root.

It is possible to have a machine automatically start X and perform a query for a running XDM on the network. One way is to 'hijack' the inittab setting for running as a graphical login (this is runlevel 5 on Debian and Redhat based systems, and 3 for SuSE - this example assumes runlevel 5 throughout). This is often the line beginning x:5 towards the end of /etc/inittab. Set this to (or add it if it doesn't exist):

        x:5:respawn:/usr/X11R6/bin/X -broadcast

Replacing -broadcast with -direct or -indirect, etc. as required. You may have to change your default runlevel to be 5 too, (and then reboot), as follows:

        id:5:initdefault:

## 4.5. Starting XDM

In a standard X workstation configuration, XDM would typically be started up by specifying the default initial run-level to be that corresponding to a full graphical login. On Redhat and Debian based systems this is usually runlevel 5. On SuSE it is run-level 3.

It is possible to run XDM automatically on startup by changing the default runlevel to that described above. This is configured in /etc/inittab as follows:

        id:5:initdefault:

Alternatively it is possible to add a startup script for XDM itself to the rc scripts in the startup directories (/etc/rc.d/ for Redhat/Debian), to start and stop XDM in a similar manner to other services on a Linux machine.

The following script is suitable for a Redhat (and probably Mandrake) based system, and should be saved as /etc/rc.d/init.d/xdm. You will have to enable it using 'chkconfig --add xdm'.

        #!/bin/sh
        # xdm start/stop script for RedHat based systems
        #
        # chkconfig: 234 60 60
        # description: xdm permits remote users to logon to this X display
        # processname: /usr/X11R6/bin/xdm
        # config: /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config

        # source function library
        . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

        [ -x /usr/X11R6/bin/xdm ] || exit 0

        prog=/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm

        RETVAL=0

        start () {
        	echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
            # start daemon
            daemon $prog
            RETVAL=$?
            echo
            [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/xdm
            return $RETVAL
        }

        stop () {
        	echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
            killproc $prog
            RETVAL=$?
            echo
            [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/xdm
            return $RETVAL
        }

        restart () {
        	stop
            start
            RETVAL=$?
            return $RETVAL
        }

        # See how we were called.
        case "$1" in
        	 start)
            start
            ;;
             stop)
            stop
            ;;
             status)
            status $prog
            RETVAL=$?
            ;;
             restart)
            restart
            ;;
             condrestart)
            # only restart if it is already running
            [ -f /var/lock/subsys/xdm ] && restart || :
            ;;
             reload)
            echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
            killproc $prog -HUP
            RETVAL=$?
            echo
            ;;
             *)
                 echo $"Usage: $0 (start|stop|restart|condrestart|reload|status)"
                 RETVAL=1
        esac

        exit $RETVAL

## 4.6. The Chooser Application

When XDM receives an indirect query, and assuming that the appropriate options have been specified in Xaccess for the 'chooser' application, it can provide the user with a list of other XDM managed servers that it knows about.

In this mode of operation, instead of the normal XDM login prompt, the user will be presented with a 'chooser' application, which will provide a list of detected hosts on the network that are currently accepting XDM connections.

When I first tried the use the chooser, I found that the Xresources files that came with my SuSE and Debian systems, specified a size for the chooser widget that was too big for the screens ... The following line from the Xresources file fixed that:

          Chooser*geometry:      700x500+300+200

The chooser will obtain its lists of hosts by one of two methods:

- Broadcast Query: In this mode a request is broadcast over the network, and a list is built up from the replies received from other application servers running XDM.

- Explicit Listing: It is possible to provide a list of hosts for the chooser in the Xaccess file, as follows:

              %hostlist      emma alex liam abigail
              *              CHOOSER %hostlist

  This will mean that the hosts emma, alex, liam and abigail will all be listed as candidates - even if one of the machines is down (there is often a button to 'ping' the host to see if it is running, before trying to connect to it).

Not that it is possible to include the localhost in the list of machines known to the chooser as well. XDM should be configured not to startup on the local console display though. Login should always be performed via an indirect query to the local chooser application, then the localhost should appear alongside any other hosts on the network.

## 4.7. Alternatives to XDM

Both KDE and Gnome have their own application to replace the standard XDM. They do similar things and are well documented. As far as providing remote X access, there is a single setting in the configuration file for the application to enable XDMCP support.

KDM: KDE Display Manager

  The following must be set in the KDM configuration file (/usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc for a Mandrake 8.1 system):

              [Xdmcp]
              Enable=True

GDM: Gnome Display Manager

  The following must be set in the GDM configuration file (/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf):

              [Xdmcp]
              Enable=True

  To have GDM running without starting the local X server, comment out the line

              0=Standard

  in the 'servers' section of the configuration file too.

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