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## 1. Introduction

The Filesystems HOWTO is about filesystems and accessing filesystems from various OS. Although this document has been put together to the best of my knowledge, it may and probably does contain mistakes. Please if you find some mistake or outdated information, let me know. I will try to keep this document up to date and as error free as possible. Any contributions are also welcome, so if you want to write anything about filesystems, please contact me via e-mail.

Update: Please note that this HOWTO wasn't updated for more than 5 years and it DOES contain some out of date information. I will try to find some time to set-up WIKI site for filesystems related information so as anybody can contribute. For more information see next chapter.

Before you read this HOWTO it's recommended to read Stein Gjoen's Disk-HOWTO (you can obtain it from http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/ ).

This HOWTO can be obtained from http://martin.hinner.info/fs/ or http://metalab.unc.edu/filesystems/howto/.

If you are Japanese user, you might be interested that FUJIWARA Teruyoshi translated this HOWTO to Japanese. It is available at http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/JFdocs/Filesystems-HOWTO.html. SGML source file can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.linet.gr.jp/pub/JF/sgml/Filesystems-HOWTO.sgml.gz.

## 1.1 Contacting the author

You can contact me at martin@hinner.info. I welcome any suggestions and corrections, but please before you ask a question, try searching the internet first. You should also check my homepage ( http://martin.hinner.info/) for any updates or additional information. Please note that I am very busy with my other projects (like automotive diagnostics, ARM-based microprocessors development tools) and I have a full time job (I am working for SECONS Ltd. and Fintera Ltd.), so my time to answer e-mails is very limited.

## 1.2 HOWTO Maintenance

If you want to contribute to this HOWTO or take over the maintenance, please look at author's website ( http://martin.hinner.info/) and contact him.

I will also try to set-up a wiki-style website for filesystems related information so as anyone can contribute and this website will be later merged with this HOWTO. All of these activities depend on my free time.

## 1.3 Copyright

The Filesystems HOWTO, Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Martin Hinner < martin@hinner.info>.

This HOWTO is free document; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This HOWTO is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this document or GNU CC; if not, write to the: Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

## 1.4 Filesystems mailing-list

You may want to join Filesystems mailing list. It's intended to be a good source of information for both end-users and developers. So if you have anything to do with filesystems, join ;-) To subscribe send email to < majordomo@penguin.cz> and in the BODY (not the subject) of the email message put (without quotes): "subscribe fs-l".

### Linux kernel filesystems mailing-list

To join Linux kernel filesystems mailing list linux-fsdev@vger.rutgers.edu, send e-mail to listserv@vger.rutgers.edu. Put `"subscribe linux-fsdev"` in message body.

### FreeBSD filesystems mailing-list

To join techical FreeBSD filesystems mailing list freebsd-fs@FreeBSD.org, send e-mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.org. Put `"subscribe freebsd-fs"` in message body.

## 1.5 Filesystems collection at metalab.unc.edu

Filesystems collection is FTP/WWW site providing useful information about filesystems and filesystem-related programs and drivers. It lives at http://metalab.unc.edu/filesystems/, or FTP-only at ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/docs/filesystems/.

## 1.6 Credits

The original "Filesystems access HOWTO" was written by Georgatos Photis (see his homepage at http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/). This HOWTO contains a lot of information from his webpage. Thanks, Gef.

FUJIWARA Teruyoshi <fujiwara@linux.or.jp> translated this HOWTO to Japanese.

Other people who have contributed or helped me (directly or indirectly) with this HOWTO are, in alphabetical order:

- Mariusz Borkowski <borkowsm@ii.pw.edu.pl> - ISO9660/RR info
- Remy Card <card@masi.ibp.fr> - Ext2 filesystem introduction
- Peter A. Dinda <pdinda@cs.cmu.edu> - HFS filesystem description
- Alfonso De Gregorio <adg@speedcom.it> - TCFS filesystem info
- Radek Machacka <radekm@sco.com> - Thanks for SCO UnixWare and SCO OpenServer
- Andrey Shedel <andreys@cr.cyco.com> - Misc. updates
- Peter Todd <retep2@home.com> - SFS filesystem info
- Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> - Ext2 filesystem introduction
- Stephen Tweedie <sct@dcs.ed.ac.uk> - Ext2 filesystem introduction

Many thanks to the above people. If I have forgotten anyone, please let me know.

## 1.7 Filesystems accessibility map

This is filesystem accessibility "map", alphabetically ordered by operating system. You may find this list a little bit chaotic. It's because Linux sgmltools don't know tables.

YOU SEE THAT THIS `MAP' IS NOT STILL COMPLETE. I WILL TRY TO FINISH IT IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

FreeBSD: BSD FFS | Ext2 | HPFS | NTFS

Linux: AFFS| BeFS| BFS| Ext2 FS| BSD FFS| HPFS| Qnx4 FS| Xia

NetBSD: BSD FFS | FAT12/16 | ISO9660

NetWare 2.x: NWFS-286

NetWare 3.x, 4.x: NWFS-386 | ISO9660

NetWare 5.x: NWFS-386 | NSS | ISO9660

OpenBSD: BSD FFS | FAT12/16

OS/2: Ext2 FS | FAT12/16/32 | HPFS | HPFS | ISO 9660 | JFS | VFAT

QNX 4: FAT12/16 | ISO 9660 | Qnx4 FS

SCO OpenServer: AFS| DTFS| EAFS| HTFS| ISO 9660 | S51K

SCO UnixWare: BFS| DTFS| ISO 9660 | System V| VxFS

## 1.8 Introduction to contiguous allocation filesystems

Some contiguous filesystems: BFS, ISO9660 and extensions.

## 1.9 Introduction to linked-list allocation filesystems

## 1.10 Introduction to FAT-based filesystems

(todo)

Some FAT filesystems: FAT12/16/32, VFAT and NetWare filestem.

## 1.11 Introduction to Inode filesystems

(todo)

## 1.12 Introduction to extent filesystems

(todo)

Some 'extent' filesystems: EFS and VxFS.

## 1.13 Introduction to filesystems using balanced trees

(todo)

Some filesystems which use B+ trees: HFS, NSS, Reiser FS and Spiralog filesystem.

## 1.14 Introduction to logging/journaling filesystems

File systems update their structural information (called metadata) by synchronous writes. Each metadata update may require many separate writes, and if the system crashes during the write sequence, metadata may be in inconsistent state.

At the next boot the filesystem check utility (called fsck) must walk through the metadata structures, examining and repairing them. This operation takes a very very long time on large filesystems. And the disk may not contain sufficient information to correct the structure. This results in misplaced or removed files.

A journaling file system uses a separate area called a log or journal. Before metadata changes are actually performed, they are logged to this separate area. The operation is then performed. If the system crashes during the operation, there is enough information in the log to "replay" the log record and complete the operation.

This approach does not require a full scan of the file system, yielding very quick filesystem check time on large file systems, generally a few seconds for a multiple-gigabyte file system. In addition, because all information for the pending operation is saved, no removals or lost-and-found moves are required. Disadvantage of journaling filesystems is that they are slower than other filesystems.

Some journaling filesystems: BeFS, HTFS, JFS, NSS, Spiralog filesystem, VxFS and XFS.

## 1.15 Other filesystem features

### Quota

### Snapshot

### ACLs

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