Linux PPP HOWTO
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# Chapter 12. Configuring your modem and serial port

You should make sure that your modem is correctly set up and that you know which serial port it is connected to.

Remember...

- DOS com1: = Linux /dev/cua0 (and /dev/ttyS0)

- DOS com2: = Linux /dev/cua1 (and /dev/ttyS1) et cetera

It is also worth remembering that if you have 4 serial ports, the standard PC set up is to have com1 and com3 share IRQ4 and com2 and com4 share IRQ3.

If you have devices on standard serial ports that share an IRQ with your modem you are going to have problems. You need to make sure that your modem serial port is on its own, unique IRQ. Many modern serial cards (and better quality motherboard serial ports) allow you to move the IRQ of the serial ports around.

If you are running Linux kernel 2, you can check the in-use IRQs using `cat /proc/interrupts`, which will produce output like

     0:    6766283   timer
     1:      91545   keyboard
     2:          0   cascade
     4:     156944 + serial
     7:     101764   WD8013
    10:     134365 + BusLogic BT-958
    13:          1   math error
    15:    3671702 + serial

This shows a serial port on IRQ4 (a mouse) and a serial port on IRQ15 (the permanent modem based PPP link to the Internet. (There is also a serial port on com2, IRQ3 and com4 is on IRQ14, but as they are not in use, they do not show up).

Be warned - you need to know what you are doing if you are going to play with your IRQs! Not only do you have to open up you computer, pull out cards and play with jumpers, but you need to know what is on which IRQ. In my case, this is a totally SCSI based PC, and so I can disable the "on motherboard" IDE interfaces that normally use IRQ14 and 15!

You should also remember that if your PC boots other operating systems, moving IRQs around may well mean that OS cannot boot properly - or at all!

If you do move your serial ports to non-standard IRQs, then you need to tell Linux which IRQ each port is using. This is done using " `setserial`" and is best done as part of the boot process in `rc.local` or `rc.serial` which is called from `rc.local` or as part of the SysV initialization. For the machine illustrated above, the commands used are...

    /bin/setserial -b /dev/ttyS2 IRQ 11
    /bin/setserial -b /dev/ttyS3 IRQ 15

However, if you are using serial modules dynamically loaded, when required by the `kerneld` process, you cannot set and forget the IRQs, (etc.) once at boot time. This is because if the serial module is unloaded, Linux forgets the special settings.

So, if you are loading the serial module on demand, you will need to reconfigure the IRQs, (etc.) each time the module is loaded.

# 12.1. A note about serial ports and speed capabilities

If you are using a high speed (external) modem (14,400 Baud or above), your serial port needs to be capable of handling the throughput that such a modem is capable of producing, particularly when the modems are compressing the data.

This requires your serial port to use a modern UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) such as a 16550(A). If you are using an old machine (or old serial card), it is quite possible that your serial port has only an 8250 UART, which will cause you considerable problems when used with a high speed modem.

Use the command...

    setserial -a /dev/ttySx

to get Linux to report to you the type of UART you have. If you do not have a 16550A type UART, invest in a new serial card (available for under $50). When you purchase a new card, make sure you can move the IRQs around on it!

Note: the first versions of the 16550 UART chip had an error. This was rapidly discovered and a revision of the chip was released - the 16550A UART. A relatively small number of the faulty chips did however get into circulation. It is unlikely that you will encounter one of these but you should look for a response that says 16550A, particularly on serial cards of some vintage.

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